Effects of adding carbohydrate to the diet under natural living conditions over 4 weeks: design of a study.
Date
2003Author
Khatib, Y.
Reid, Marie
Hammersley, Richard
French, S.
Hill, A. J.
Metadata
Show full item recordCitation
Khatib, Y., Reid, M., Hammersley, R., French, S. & Hill, A. (2003) Effects of adding carbohydrate to the diet under natural
living conditions over 4 weeks: design of a study., Appetite, vol. 41, pp. 224.
Abstract
Sugars may affect appetite and mood. Some researchers
have suggested that ingested carbohydrates satiate appetite
(e.g. Spitzer and Rodin, 1987, Appetite 8, 1355-145) and
reduce arousal (Spring et al.,1983, Psychiatric Research 17,
155-167). However, other research has found carbohydrate
to increase appetite (e.g. Geiselman and Novin, 1982,
Science 218, 490-491). Few studies have controlled
psychological factors or examined effects of consumption
of sugars over more than 24 hour. Designs must also allow
for the fact that people knowingly receiving sugar may
behave according to their expectations (Reid and Hammersley,
1998, Psychology, Health and Medicine 3, 299-
313.). A study has been designed to test the following four
hypotheses. (1) Sugar supplementation will reduce energy
intake from other sources, specifically fat. (2) Sugarlabelled drinks will increase this effect. (3) Restrained women will be more responsive to labelling. (4) Sugar supplementation will not affect sweet food intake or hunger in the long-term. The study has involved 160 restrained and unrestrained females receiving such dietary supplementation for 4 weeks in a between-subjects 2 2 2 design (restrained or unrestrained subjects; sugar or diet drink formulations; drinks labelled sugar or diet). Measures
included the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire,
unweighed food diaries (using MAFF food atlases), mood
ratings, body fat by impedance and blood lipids. Assessments
were repeated weekly. The outcomes of such studies
have implications for understanding of the processes by
which people adapt to changes in their diets and of how food
may influence mood and appetite.