Bertone, Maria PaolaWitter, SophiePearson, Nigel2025-12-082025-12Bertone, M., Witter, S. and Pearson, N. (2025) Health financing approaches to support the inclusion of refugees into national health systems: Policy brief 3. Edinburgh: Queen Margaret University.https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/14532This brief is based on a research programme funded by UNHCR exploring the effectiveness and impact of different approaches to refugee access to healthcare in lower and middle-income countries (LMIC), and in particular those approaches that support the inclusion of refugees into national health systems. It draws from a review of the literature, six country case studies (Peru, Kenya, Zambia, Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), Mauritania, Pakistan) and an overall synthesis of the findings. There is diversity in health financing arrangements for refugees. The parallel provision of services is a common response to new displacements, usually financed with external funding, separate pooling of these funds and purchasing of services provided by refugee-specific providers. This approach is financially unsustainable due to high costs, fragmentation and duplication. In line with the Global Compact for Refugees, there has been a normative shift to the integration of services for refugees into national systems to foster sustainable and equitable access for refugees. This shift requires multi-stakeholder involvement to achieve refugee inclusion in national health systems whilst also easing the financial burden on host countries. In reality, between parallel and integrated systems, there are multiple transitional and hybrid arrangements, with diverse effects on different health financing functions.enTechnical Report