CC BY-NC 4.0Goodman, CatherineWitter, SophieHellowell, MarkAllen, LouiseSrinivasan, ShuchiNixon, SwapnaBurney, AyeshaBhattacharjee, DebrupaCocozza, AnnaAppleford, GabrielleThabet, AyaClarke, David2024-11-152024-11-152024-11-13Goodman, C., Witter, S., Hellowell, M., Allen, L., Srinivasan, S., Nixon, S., Burney, A., Bhattacharjee, D., Cocozza, A., Appleford, G., Thabet, A. and Clarke, D. (2024) ‘Approaches, enablers and barriers to govern the private sector in health in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review’, BMJ Global Health, 8(Suppl 5), p. e015771. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2024-015771.2059-7908https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/14033https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2024-015771Sophie Witter - ORCID: 0000-0002-7656-6188 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7656-6188Introduction: The private sector plays a substantial role in delivering and financing healthcare in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Supporting governments to govern the private sector effectively, and so improve outcomes across the health system, requires an understanding of the evidence base on private health sector governance. This paper reports on a scoping review, which synthesised evidence on the approaches used to govern private sector delivery and financing of healthcare in LMICs, the effectiveness of these approaches and the key enablers and barriers to strengthening governance. Methods: We undertook a systematic search of databases of published articles and grey literature to identify eligible papers published since 2010, drawing on WHO’s governance definition. Data were extracted into a pretested matrix and analysed using narrative synthesis, structured by WHO’s six governance behaviours and an additional cross-cutting theme on capacities. Results: 107 studies were selected as relevant, covering 101 LMICs. Qualitative methods and document/literature review were predominant. The findings demonstrate the relevance of the WHO governance behaviours, but the lack of robust evidence for approaches to implementing them. Valuable insights from the literature include the need for a clear vision around governance aims; the importance of ensuring that policy dialogue processes are inclusive and transparent, avoiding interest group capture; the benefits of exploiting synergies between governance mechanisms; and the need to develop capacity to enact governance among both public and private actors. Conclusion: Governance choices shape not just the current health system, but also its future development. Common barriers to effective governance must be addressed in policy design, stakeholder engagement, public and private sector accountability, monitoring and capacity. Achieving this will require in-depth explorations of governance mechanisms and more rigorous documentation of implementation and outcomes in diverse contexts.e015771en© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Article