Developing and validating the Sierra Leone perinatal psychological distress scale through an emic-etic approach

Highlights

• The PHQ-9 is a valid and reliable screening tool for perinatal psychological distress in Sierra Leone.
• The Sierra Leone perinatal psychological distress scale (SLPPDS) is a new 10-item locally-developed tool that blend western psychiatric concepts and local idioms of distress.
• SLPPDS exhibits superior sensitivity and specificity compared to the PHQ-9, offering a more salient alternative for screening.
• Contribution to global mental health research by advancing culturally sensitive assessment tools and addressing treatment gaps.

Abstract

Background

Addressing perinatal psychological distress in Sierra Leone faces challenges due to the lack of culturally appropriate assessment tools, despite recent WHO recommendations for screening during the pre- and postpartum periods. While high-income countries use tools like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale or Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), their cross-cultural validity and efficacy in developing countries are uncertain. The aim of this study was to address this gap by developing a functional assessment tool, culturally appropriate screening tool for perinatal psychological distress, and validate it with the PHQ-9.

Method

Following scale development guidelines, the study encompassed three phases: Item Development, Scale Development, and Scale Evaluation. Data from free listing interviews (n = 96), FGDs (n = 24), and cognitive interviews (n = 8) informed the development of the Sierra Leone Perinatal Psychological Distress Scale (SLPPDS) and a Function scale. Item reduction via exploratory factor analysis (n = 120) and validation (n = 140) were conducted in subsequent phases.

Result

Two screening instruments were developed: the 10-item SLPPDS and a 5-item Function scale assessing perinatal women's ability to perform daily tasks. Sensitivity/specificity values for the SLPPDS and PHQ-9 were 80.0/85.7 and 73.8/76.2 respectively. Internal consistency reliability was 0.88 for the SLPPDS and 0.81 for the PHQ-9. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a one-factor model with 54.9 % variance explained. ROC/cut-off points for SLPPDS and PHQ-9 were 0.90/0.81 and 8.0/7.0 respectively.

Conclusion

The PHQ-9 shows validity and reliability as a screening instrument, but the SLPPDS emerges as a potentially more salient alternative for assessing perinatal psychological distress in Sierra Leone. This implies the SLPDDS is particularly relevant, meaningful, and applicable to the specific cultural or community context it was designed for. It suggests that the tool effectively addresses the unique needs, perspectives, and experiences of the perinatal women, making it more likely to resonate with users and stakeholders. This relevance may enhance the tool's acceptance, usability, and overall impact in identifying and addressing perinatal mental health issues in Sierra Leone. These instruments could enable effective evaluation of perinatal mental health initiatives by government agencies, locals, and international NGOs.