Browsing by Person "Arthur, Calum"

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The indirect effects of transformational leadership in soccer programmes for socio-economically disadvantaged individuals: Need satisfaction as a mechanism towards personal development.
(SAGE Publications, 2023-03-02) Donnelly, Jordan; Arthur, Rosie; Arthur, Calum; Cowan, Daryl
Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to examine the direct and indirect effects of coach transformational leadership (TL) on the current lives of socio-economically disadvantaged individuals within a sport-based education programme. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: 159 participants completed questionnaires on the perceptions of their lead coaches’ TL, perceived basic need satisfaction (autonomy, competence, relatedness) in relation to programme attendance, and feelings of resilience and life-satisfaction in their current life. Results: PROCESS analysis revealed that all differentiated TL behaviours (but high-performance expectations) had a positive indirect effect on outcomes (resilience and life-satisfaction) via competence and a negative indirect effect on outcomes via relatedness. High-performance expectations demonstrated a direct effect on life satisfaction. Conclusion: The results demonstrate how distinct coach transformational behaviours impact differently on the lives of disadvantaged individuals within a sports-based education programme. The differentiated conceptualisation of TL revealed nuanced results, furthering our understanding of how each TL interacts with the three basic psychological needs. Finally, our results demonstrate the significance competence may hold in transferring the effect of different transformational behaviours onto the everyday lives of disadvantaged individuals.
Psychological skills and “the Paras”: The indirect effects of psychological skills on endurance [Abstract]
(British Psychological Society, 2015-12-15) Arthur, Rosie; Fitzwater, James; Roberts, Ross; Hardy, James; Arthur, Calum
Objectives: We examined the indirect effects of basic psychological skills (PS; i.e., goal setting, imagery, self-talk, and relaxation) on military endurance through enhanced advanced PS (i.e., attention control, activation, emotional control, negative thinking, and automaticity). Design: A field-based, cross-sectional design. Method: We collected endurance data from 159 male British Army Parachute Regiment recruits (Mage = 21.04 years, SD = 3.62) from three military-specific endurance events integral to Parachute Regiment selection test week, as well as pre-event fitness data. Participants completed an adapted Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS; Hardy et al., 2010) to report their use of PS during the events. Following confirmatory factor analyses on the modified TOPS we conducted multiple mediation regression analyses, using PROCESS (Hayes, 2013), to test the indirect effect of each basic PS on endurance through the advanced PS, whilst controlling for pre-event fitness. Results: None of the basic PS had a significant direct effect on endurance. Goal-setting, imagery, and relaxation all had positive indirect effects on endurance via activation, with goal setting also impacting on performance via negative thinking. Conclusions: These data provide some support for basic PS influencing performance via advanced PS. However, nuances within these results also indicate that future examination of advanced PS mechanisms should consider the basic PS used and the types of tasks being undertaken.
Relations among transformational leadership, need satisfaction, and psychological development in socio-economically disadvantaged sports participants
(British Psychological Society, 2017-12-11) Donnelly, Jordan; Cowan, Daryl; Arthur, Rosie; Arthur, Calum
Purpose This study examines the effects of transformational leadership in relation to psychological life outcomes, via need satisfaction, within a sample of socio-economically disadvantaged, sport-based education programme participants. Background Sport-based education programmes have become well established as a remedy for the hardships faced by socio-economically disadvantaged individuals, such as; enduring adversities, loneliness, and dissatisfaction with life. However, research largely focuses on the effectiveness of sport programmes within youth populations, with scant research understanding the impact of coach behaviour within such programmes within an adult sample. Transformational leadership is proposed to be a particularly effective method for conceptualising coach behaviour at these programmes, due to its focus on developing, inspiring, and empowering others, whilst fostering more optimistic views of the future. Despite this, no published research has examined transformational leadership in a sample of adult sports programme participants, and the impact it may have on their everyday life. Methods By adopting a quantitative, cross-sectional design we measured the participants’ perceived feelings of coach transformational leadership with the use of the differentiated transformational leadership inventory, a measure with strong psychometric rigour, which is established in multiple contexts. Perceived feelings of need satisfaction (autonomy, competence, relatedness) was measured in relation to the participants’ attendance at the programme. Resilience, loneliness and life satisfaction were outcomes deemed pertinent by previous research into this sample, and were measured in relation to the participant’s everyday life. Conclusions With the use of a multiple mediation regression analysis, using PROCESS, we hypothesize an indirect relationship between transformational leadership and resilience, loneliness and life satisfaction, via need satisfaction. The findings of this study will also be used to inform a future intervention with this programme.
A thematic analysis of social identity and injury in CrossFit®
(APA, 2021-05) Beasley, Vista L.; Arthur, Rosie; Eklund, Robert C.; Coffee, Pete; Arthur, Calum
The purpose of this study was to explore the viability of the social identity approach as a theoretical framework for examining injury in the context of a group exercise program, CrossFit®. Specifically, we sought to identify values of group exercise participants relevant to overuse risk behaviors as well as participants’ responses to criticisms about injury. Via thematic analysis, observations of a CrossFit® setting (N = 31) and interviews of members (N = 14) yielded three social identity content (i.e., Being Hard Core, Achieving Results, Camaraderie). Behaviors employed to enact these social identity content (e.g., engage in frequent, high-intensity workouts; attend despite low-level pain; encourage others to continue despite pain; withhold pain reports from group leaders) enabled members to obtain positive evaluations or avert negative evaluations of group members yet also incurred higher overuse injury risk. We also identified two prominent types of responses of CrossFit® members to criticisms about injury in CrossFit® activity: Compare dimensions (e.g., how well members handled the injuries; the effort they put into prevention; health benefits; strength gained) of the group which were perceived as superior to other contexts, and denounce critics. These response types were interpreted to reflect social creativity and polarization, respectively. Altogether, the findings indicate that group-based psychological factors contribute to overuse injury, advancing previous literature in which intra- and interpersonal factors were the primary focus. This study contributed to the literature by identifying theory-based injury risk factors in group exercise contexts which may inform future injury-prevention interventions.