Browsing by Person "Campbell, Harry"

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An analysis of clinical predictive values for radiographic pneumonia in children
(BMJ, 2020-08-13) Rees, Chris A.; Basnet, Sudha; Gentile, Angela; Gessner, Bradford D.; Kartasasmita, Cissy B.; Lucero, Marilla; Martinez, Luis; O'Grady, Kerry-Ann F.; Ruvinsky, Raul O.; Turner, Claudia; Campbell, Harry; Nair, Harish; Falconer, Jennifer; Williams, Linda J.; Horne, Margaret; Strand, Tor; Nisar, Yasir B.; Qazi, Shamim A.; Neuman, Mark I.; The study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (#OPP1106190) through a grant to the WHO.
Introduction: Healthcare providers in resource-limited settings rely on the presence of tachypnoea and chest indrawing to establish a diagnosis of pneumonia in children. We aimed to determine the test characteristics of commonly assessed signs and symptoms for the radiographic diagnosis of pneumonia in children 0–59 months of age. Methods: We conducted an analysis using patient-level pooled data from 41 shared datasets of paediatric pneumonia. We included hospital-based studies in which >80% of children had chest radiography performed. Primary endpoint pneumonia (presence of dense opacity occupying a portion or entire lobe of the lung or presence of pleural effusion on chest radiograph) was used as the reference criterion radiographic standard. We assessed the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for clinical findings, and combinations of findings, for the diagnosis of primary endpoint pneumonia among children 0–59 months of age. Results: Ten studies met inclusion criteria comprising 15 029 children; 24.9% (n=3743) had radiographic pneumonia. The presence of age-based tachypnoea demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.92 and a specificity of 0.22 while lower chest indrawing revealed a sensitivity of 0.74 and specificity of 0.15 for the diagnosis of radiographic pneumonia. The sensitivity and specificity for oxygen saturation <90% was 0.40 and 0.67, respectively, and was 0.17 and 0.88 for oxygen saturation <85%. Specificity was improved when individual clinical factors such as tachypnoea, fever and hypoxaemia were combined, however, the sensitivity was lower. Conclusions: No single sign or symptom was strongly associated with radiographic primary end point pneumonia in children. Performance characteristics were improved by combining individual signs and symptoms.
Common childhood infections and gender inequalities: A systematic review
(UNICEF, 2015-03) Nair, Harish; Campbell, Harry; Park, John Jungpa; Brondi, Luciana; Shi, Ting; Olsson, Sara; Hakim, Stephanie; Hsi, Tan; Rudan, Igor; Kirolos, Amir
Linking household and facility data for better coverage measures in reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health care: Systematic review
(International Society of Global Health, 2016-09-03) Do, Mai; Micah, Angela; Brondi, Luciana; Campbell, Harry; Marchant, Tanya; Eisele, Thomas; Munos, Melinda
Background Currently many measures of intervention coverage obtained from household surveys do not measure actual health intervention/service delivery, resulting in a need for linking reports of care–seeking with assessments of the service environment in order to improve measurements. This systematic review aims to identify evidence of different methods used to link household surveys and service provision assessments, with a focus on reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health care, in low– and middle–income countries. Methods Using pre–defined search terms, articles published in peer– reviewed journals and the grey literature after 1990 were identified, their reference lists scanned and linking methods synthesized. Findings A total of 59 articles and conference presentations were carefully reviewed and categorized into two groups based on the linking method used: 1) indirect/ecological linking that included studies in which health care–seeking behavior was linked to all or the nearest facilities or providers of certain types within a geographical area, and 2) direct linking/exact matching where individuals were linked with the exact provider or facility where they sought care. The former approach was employed in 51 of 59 included studies, and was particularly common among studies that were based on independent sources of household and facility data that were nationally representative. Only eight of the 59 reviewed studies employed direct linking methods, which were typically done at the sub–national level (eg, district level) and often in rural areas, where the number of providers was more limited compared to urban areas. Conclusions Different linking methods have been reported in the literature, each category has its own set of advantages and limitations, in terms of both methodology and practicality for scale–up. Future studies that link household and provider/facility data should also take into account factors such as sources of data, the timing of surveys, the temporality of data points, the type of services and interventions, and the scale of the study in order to produce valid and reliable results.
Referrals of patients to colorectal cancer genetics services in south-east Scotland
(Springer, 2005) Holloway, Susan; Porteous, Mary; Cetnarskyj, Roseanne; Rush, Robert; Appleton, Sally; Gorman, Dermot; Campbell, Harry
The discovery that genetic factors are involved in the aetiology of colorectal cancer, has prompted many relatives of affected individuals to seek genetic counselling and screening. This paper describes the demand for genetic services by families with colorectal cancer in south-east Scotland, their expectations and views of the service offered. The annual referral rate over the 21-month study period, for patients with a family history of colorectal cancer, was 0.11 per 1000 patients on general practitioner lists. This is one third of the rate for patients with a family history of breast cancer and in comparison with the breast cancer group, relatives of colorectal cancer patients were significantly older and less socially deprived. Approximately one third were referred via a hospital specialist unit. One hundred patients were included in the study. Mean (± standard deviation) age was 43 (± 10.7 years), 75 were female and 31 were self referrals. Before the consultation, almost half the patients had an inflated perception of their risk and there was little change at follow-up. There was an improvement in objective understanding after counselling which was sustained up to 6 months but only two thirds remembered their objective risk accurately. Most patients were satisfied with the consultation. Our findings suggest the need to educate individuals, in particular men, younger people and the more socially deprived, about the relevance of a family history of colorectal cancer and to facilitate patients’ comprehension of their risk status.
Tackling dementia globally: the Global Dementia Prevention Program (GloDePP) collaboration
(International Society of Global Health, 2019-12) Chan, Kit Yee; Adeloye, Davies; Asante, Kwaku Poku; Calia, Clara; Campbell, Harry; Danso, Samuel O; Juvekar, Sanjay; Luz, Saturnino; Mohan, Devi; Terrera, Graciela Muniz; Nitrini, Ricardo; Noroozian, Maryam; Nulkar, Amit; Nyame, Solomon; Paralikar, Vasudeo; Rodriguez, Mario A Parra; Poon, Adrienne N.; Reidpath, Daniel; Rudan, Igor; Stephan, Blossom CM; Su, Tin Tin; Wang, Huali; Watermeyer, Tam; Wilkinson, Heather; Yassuda, Monica Sanches; Yu, Xin; Ritchie, Craig