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Browsing by Person "Carline, Tom"

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    A comparative investigation of the bacterial population of hot air hand dryers and paper towels
    (1994) Carline, Tom
    Our Research Report for 2000-2002 reflects an outstanding level of achievement throughout the institution and demonstrates once again our high level of commitment to strategic and applied research particularly in areas that enhance the quality of life.
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    A modular device to measure the effects of plantar foot pressure on the microcirculation of the heel
    (Elsevier Science Ltd, 2003-03) Santos, Derek; Carline, Tom; Richmond, R.; Abboud, R.
    Background: Past research has concentrated on foot function and plantar foot pressure, with many devices developed for this purpose. However, little is known of how cutaneous blood flow compensates for ambulatory repetitive circulatory insults and how ulceration occurs. Objectives: To develop a system to measure the effects of plantar foot pressure on cutaneous blood flow in the supine and semi-weight bearing positions. Method: A system was developed that integrated a laser Doppler fluxmeter with a pressure probe, allowing plantar foot pressure and skin blood flow to be recorded simultaneously. The system was tested using four volunteers (288.6 years). Results: A significant difference existed between baseline laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in the supine and semi-weight bearing positions (P=0.023). Differences between both positions also existed in the reduction in LDF levels following application of pressure (P=0.015), the maximum hyperaemic response (P=0.034) and time taken to reach maximum hyperaemic response (P=0.019). Conclusion: The device has shown that with current technology it is now possible not only to investigate plantar foot pressure but also how it affects skin blood flow, which in some cases can lead to ulceration. The effect of plantar foot pressure on cutaneous blood flow differs depending on whether the subject is supine or semi-weight bearing. Thus, to understand the effects of plantar foot pressure on skin blood flow future researchers must ensure that subjects are in an upright position when recording.
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    A penicillin in-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection
    (1993) Carline, Tom
    Paper adds to the growing body of evidence that children can acquire phonological systems before they are able to master the phonetic skills needed to convey the contrasts in that system
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    A Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of the nail: a case report
    (1997) Santos, Derek; Carline, Tom; Weir, Evelyn C.
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    A review of the effects of external pressure on skin blood flow
    (Elsevier, 2003-12) Santos, Derek; Carline, Tom; Richmond, R.; Abboud, R.
    The human foot is a complex mechanical structure consisting of bones, ligaments and joints. They act together to provide a robust system capable of absorbing and dissipating the intermitted pressure that is subjected to its plantar surface during walking to prevent soft tissue breakdown. Current studies suggest that plantar foot pressure may lead to soft tissue breakdown (e.g. neuropathic ulceration) and hence research has so far concentrated on investigating the mechanical effects of plantar foot pressure on the foot's integrity. This has been possible through the widely available pressure and force platforms as well as in-shoe pressure systems. However, to understand how plantar foot pressure causes soft tissue breakdown it is vital to investigate both the physiological-mechanical interactions between the skin and plantar foot pressure. This review suggests that with the current advances in technology, the physiological response of skin blood flow to mechanical plantar foot pressure should be investigated and correlated further, both during static and dynamic loading, by developing a new system capable of either measuring both variables simultaneously or by synchronising two systems in real time.
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    A study to ascertain the potential inhalation hazard of toenail dust
    (The Society of Chiropodists and Podiatrists, 2003-02) Donaldson, C. L.; Carline, Tom; Brown, D. M.; Gilmour, P. S.; ELEGI Colt Laboratories; Donaldson, K.
    The use of the podiatric nail drill has become an acceptable way of reducing onychogryphotic nails in the clinical setting. The present study has demonstrated the presence of particles that are potentially dangerous to the human lung when they are contaminated with bacterial endotoxin (bacterial cell wall components that may cause an inflammatory response). Toenail dust collected from podiatric nail drills was examined for size, endotoxin content and the ability to stimulate release of IL-8 (IL- interleukins stimulate the release of other mediators in septic shock and inflammation) from macrophages and lung epithelial cells in vitro. The size distribution revealed a large number of particles that would deposit in the nose, airways and lung alveoli. Endotoxin was detected in extracts of nail particles and, interestingly, a component of these particles was able to stimulate substantial release of IL-8 from lung epithelial cells. Suspensions of toenail particles stimulated IL-8 release from monocyte-derived macrophages. Destruction of the endotoxin with the antibiotic polymyxin B still resulted in IL-8 release, suggesting that the particles themselves initiated the response and not necessarily the endotoxin. The authors conclude that podiatrists who routinely carry out nail reduction could be inhaling particles that could deposit throughout the respiratory tract, where they could contribute to inflammation by stimulating release of IL-8 from cells via the particles themselves and via endotoxin.
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    A survey of babywalkers in GP's, health visitors and orthopaedic surgeons
    (The Society of Chiropodists and Podiatrists, 1999) Cashley, D.; Carline, Tom
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    Accidental intra-arterial injection -a cause of lower limb ischaemia in intravenous drug users
    (The Society of Chiropodists and Podiatrists, 1998) Weir, Evelyn C.; Carline, Tom
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    An overview of AVF maturation and endothelial dysfunction in an advanced renal failure
    (BioMed Central, 2017-10-02) Siddiqui, Muhammad A.; Ashraff, Suhel; Santos, Derek; Carline, Tom
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    Comparison of the distribution and nervous innervation of the sensilla on the labrum of Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer) and Acheta domesticus (L.) (Orthoptera : Gryllidae), and an account of their development in A. domesticus
    (Elsevier, 1984) Carline, Tom; Kubra, K.; Brown, V.; Beck, R.
    The labra of Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer) and Acheta domesticus (L.) (Orthoptera : Gryllidae) were studied to reveal the distribution and nervous innervation of the sensilla, in order to provide morphological evidence of their function. Employing scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, 9 types of sensilla are reported in G. bimaculatus and 10 types in A. domesticus. Of these sensilla, types 1 - 4 have setae ranging in size from 5 - 420 _m in G. bimaculatus and from 3 - 470 _m in A. domesticus. Secretory pores, coeloconic pegs, basiconic pegs and campaniform sensilla have been recorded in both species, while sensilla ampullacea are only present in A. domesticus. The different types of sensilla are found in discrete groups on the posterior surface of the labrum, but they are more randomly distributed on the anterior surface. The detailed innervation of the sensilla was revealed by means of nickel chloride infusion, followed by intensification using Timm's sulphide - silver technique. The labra of both species are innervated by 2 major branches of the labral nerve. Each sensillum is usually innervated by a bipolar neurone, although some sensilla have been shown to be innervated by multiterminal neurones. The dimensions and shapes of the cell bodies and dendrites are provided and differences between the 2 species are identified. In general, the cell bodies and dendrites are larger in G. bimaculatus than they are in A. domesticus. The development of the sensilla through the nymphal instars to the adult is reported for A. domesticus. It is shown that for some types of sensilla, (types 8 and 13), the number remains constant throughout the developmental period, in some (type 1), the adult complement of sensilla is attained in the early instars, for others, (types 2, 6, 7, 9 and 10), there is a steady increase throughout development, while in others (types 3 and 4), sudden increases occur at specific moults.
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    Complications of Stump Healing Among Diabetic Population
    (Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Turkey, 2018-06-19) Ashraff, Suhel; Siddiqui, Muhammad A.; Santos, Derek; Carline, Tom
    Lower limb amputation is a major procedure performed in diabetic patients with multiple comorbidities. Almost 10% of the National Health Service budget is taken up by diabetes, with diabetes-related complications accounting for 80% of the costs. The process of wound healing is complex and involves regenerating the cellular organization and the tissue layers. Diabetics are five times more predisposed to wound infection than patients without diabetes mellitus. The amputated stump frequently becomes infected due to inadequate blood circulation, a weak immune system, and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Pain, stump edema, and osteomyelitis are significant complications associated with lower limb amputation wounds. A number of factors may substantiate the need for re-amputation, such as stump pain and/or phantom limb pain, delayed stump infection, the formation of symptomatic bone spurs, assessment of the skin flap designed to preserve stump length, and preparation of the stump for the prosthetic device. There are currently no reliable standards that can be referred to prior to leg amputation. The clinicians, therefore, have to rely on their judgment and investigatory parameters. The main purpose of this review is to discuss the difficulties of stump healing in the diabetic population.
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    Development of a prognostic model for fistula maturation in patients with advanced renal failure
    (2012-05-24) Siddiqui, Muhammad A.; Raza, Zahid; Santos, Derek; Ashraff, Suhel; Carline, Tom
    Introduction This study aimed to explore the role of haematological markers and predictive factors on the maturation of arteriovenous fistulae in patients who underwent vascular access surgery at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. Methods Retrospective analysis of 300 patients was retrieved who had undergone fistula creation between 2006 and 2009. A predictive model was developed using backward stepwise logistic regression. The model discrimination was assessed by the receiver operating characteristics curve and its calibration by the Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit test. Results Three variables were identified which influenced fistula maturation. Gender - Males were twice as likely to undergo fistula maturation, compared to that of females (odds ratio [OR] 0.514; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.308 to 0.857). Peripheral Vascular Disease - Patients with no evidence of PVD were three times more likely to mature their fistula (OR 3.140; 95% CI 1.596 to 6.177). Vein Size - A pre operative vein diameter > 2.5mm resulted in a five fold increase in fistula maturation compared to a vein size less than 2.5mm (OR 4.532; 95% CI 2.063 to 9.958). There was a good calibration as indicated by Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit test (P=0.79) and the c-index was 0.677. Conclusion Gender, PVD and vein size are useful predictors of arteriovenous fistulae maturation. The clinical utility of these risk categories in the maturation of arteriovenous fistulae requires further clinical evaluation in a prospective study.
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    Development of a prognostic model for stump healing in major lower limb amputation among the diabetic population
    (MDPI, 2021-07-12) Ashraff, Suhel; Siddiqui, Muhammad; Carline, Tom; Rush, Robert; Santos, Derek; Raza, Zahid
    Background: This study aimed to explore the effect of haematological markers as well as patient characteristics on stump healing in patients who underwent a lower limb amputation procedure. In addition, a practical model regarding factors that affected stump healing was developed. Methods: Patients who underwent a major lower limb amputation (above knee and below knee) at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh from the period of 2007 to 2010 were included in this study. A prognostic model utilizing backward stepwise logistical regression was developed to measure the probability of lower limb stump healing. The relationship between the dependent and independent variables was identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Three variables, namely serum sodium, serum creatinine and serum high density lipid cholesterol were identified which influenced stump healing. Patients with normal serum sodium were 75% more likely to have lower limb stump healing compared to that of patients with abnormal serum sodium (odds ratio [OR] 1.756; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.048–2.942). Patients with normal serum creatinine were 66% more likely to have their stump healed (OR 1.664; 95% CI 0.94 to 2.946). The healing rate of patients with a normal level of serum high density lipid cholesterol was 75%, in contrast to patients with an aberrant level of serum high density lipids cholesterol (OR 1.753; 95% CI 1.061 to 2.895). The effectiveness of the retrospective stump-healing model was demonstrated by the area under the ROC curve (0.612), which was supported by the Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (p = 0.879). Conclusions: Serum sodium, serum high density lipid cholesterol and serum creatinine have a strong correlation with lower limb stump healing. However, serum sodium and serum high density lipid cholesterol secondary to multiple co-morbidities in this cohort group could be altered secondary to disease pathology itself.
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    Development of a prognostic model for stump healing in patients with advanced atherosclerosis
    (2012-05-24) Ashraff, Suhel; Raza, Zahid; Santos, Derek; Siddiqui, Muhammad A.; Carline, Tom
    Introduction This study aimed to explore the role of haematological markers and predictive factors on the stump healing in patients who underwent lower extremity amputation surgery at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. Methods Retrospective analysis of 300 patients was retrieved who had undergone lower extremity amputation surgery between 2006 and 2010. A predictive model was developed using backward stepwise logistic regression. The model discrimination was assessed by the receiver operating characteristics curve and its calibration by the Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit test. Result Three variables were identified which influenced stump healing. Serum Sodium - The lower limb stump healing was 75% likely in patients with normal serum sodium compared to that of patients with abnormal serum sodium (odds ratio [OR] 1.756; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.048-2.942) Serum Creatinine- Patients with normal serum creatinine were 66% more likely to have their stump healed (OR 1.664; 95% CI 0.94 to 2.946) Serum High Density Lipoproteins - A normal serum HDL resulted in a 75% more likely chance of healing compared to those with abnormal serum HDL (OR 1.753; 95% CI 1.061 to 2.895). There was a good calibration as indicated by Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit test (P=0.879) and the c-index was 0.612. Conclusion Serum Sodium, Serum High Density Lipids and Serum creatinine are useful predictors of lower limb stump. The clinical utility of these risk categories in the healing of a lower limb stump requires further clinical evaluation in a prospective study.
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    Development of prognostic model for fistula maturation in patients with advanced renal failure
    (BioMed Central, 2018-03-07) Siddiqui, Muhammad A.; Ashraff, Suhel; Santos, Derek; Rush, Robert; Carline, Tom; Raza, Zahid
    Background: This study aimed to explore the role of patient's characteristic and haematological factors as predictive on the maturation of arteriovenous fistulae in patients who underwent vascular access surgery at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. Methods: Retrospective data from 300 patients who had undergone fistula creation between February 2007 and October 2010 was examined. A predictive logistic regression model was developed using the backward stepwise procedure. Model performance, discrimination and calibration, was assessed using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit test. Results: Three variables were identified which independently influenced fistula maturation. Males were twice as likely to undergo fistula maturation, compared to that of females (odds ratio (OR) 0.514; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.308-0.857), patients with no evidence of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) were three times more likely to mature their fistula (OR 3.140; 95% CI 1.596-6.177) and a pre-operative vein diameter > 2.5 mm resulted in a fivefold increase in fistula maturation compared to a vein size less than 2.5 mm (OR 4.532; 95% CI 2.063-9.958). The model for fistula maturation had fair discrimination as indicated by the area under the ROC curve (0.68; 95% CI 0.615-0. 738) but good calibration indicated by Hosmer and Lemeshow test (p = 0.79). Conclusion: Gender, PVD and vein size are independent predictors of arteriovenous fistula maturation. The clinical utility of these risk equation in the maturation of arteriovenous fistulae requires further validation in the newly treated patients.