Browsing by Person "Chisholm, Vivienne"

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A survey of brief intelligence testing in Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and United States.
(American Psychological Association, 2004-06) Thompson, Anthony P.; LoBello, S. G.; Atkinson, Leslie; Chisholm, Vivienne; Ryan, J. J.
Do you use brief measures of intelligence? There is available an increasing variety of short forms and new and revised quick tests of intelligence. However, little is known about clinical practice using these abbreviated instruments. The authors report the results of a 4-country exploratory survey of the extent and circumstances of the use of short forms and quick tests. Such measures are commonly used, and practitioners generally followed literature-based advice about the role of brief measures. However, idiosyncratic subtest combinations and inappropriate prorating were also prevalent with short forms. Frequently used quick tests were identified, as were the reasons for using brief measures.
An exploratory study of positive and incongruent communication in young children with type 1 diabetes and their mothers.
(Wiley-Blackwell, 2012-10-08) Chisholm, Vivienne; Atkinson, Leslie; Bayrami, Lisa; Noyes, Kathryn; Payne, A.; Kelnar, Chris
Background: The incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing in young children. However, they are overlooked in treatment adherence and intervention research despite evidence that parents often experience difficulty securing their tretament cooperatoin, especially with the diet. We investigated positive and incongruent (i.e., the co-occurrence of contradictory verbal and nonverbal messages)communication in the mother-child dyad and their association wiht child adjustment and dietary adherence outcomes. Methods: Participants were 23 6-to-8 year old children with type 1 diabetes and their mothers. We conducted dietary adherence interviews with mothers and performed nutritional analyses to assess children's consumption of extrinsic sugars (e.g., confectionary). Mothers completed a standardised assessment of child psychological adjustment. Mothers and children engaged in a videotaped problem-solving task related to the dietary regimen, with maternal and child utterances and nonverbal behaviours analysed for positive dyadic and incongruent communication. Results: Positive dyadic communication correlated with lower levels of child incongruent communication, fewer behavioural problems and better overall adjustment. Higher levels of maternal and child incongruent communication correlated with more behavioural and emotional problems and poorer overall adjustment. Higher levels of maternal incongruent communication correlated with porer dietary adherence. Conclusions: Results converge to form a conceptually and empirically coherent pattern in that behavioural indices of poorer communication in both mother and child consistently correlated with poorer child adjustment outcomes. This study shows that specific features of dyadic, child and maternal communication could be targeted in developmentally-sensitive interventions to promote positive communication in the home management of type 1 diabetes care for young children.
Breakfast and Cognition: poster presentation
(S Karger AG, 2003) Mehrota, S.; Clapham, Michael; Davidson, Isobel; Chisholm, Vivienne
Cumulative Risk, Cumulative Outcome: A 20-Year Longitudinal Study
(2015-06-01) Atkinson, Leslie; Beitchman, J.; Gonzalez, A.; Young, A.; Wilson, B.; Escobar, M.; Chisholm, Vivienne; Brownlie, E.; Khoury, J.; Ludmer, J.; Villani, V.
Cumulative risk (CR) models provide some of the most robust findings in the developmental literature, predicting numerous and varied outcomes. Typically, however, these outcomes are predicted one at a time, across different samples, using concurrent designs, longitudinal designs of short duration, or retrospective designs. We predicted that a single CR index, applied within a single sample, would prospectively predict diverse outcomes, i.e., depression, intelligence, school dropout, arrest, smoking, and physical disease from childhood to adulthood. Further, we predicted that number of risk factors would predict number of adverse outcomes (cumulative outcome; CO). We also predicted that early CR (assessed at age 5/6) explains variance in CO above and beyond that explained by subsequent risk (assessed at ages 12/13 and 19/20). The sample consisted of 284 individuals, 48% of whom were diagnosed with a speech/language disorder. Cumulative risk, assessed at 5/6-, 12/13-, and 19/ 20-years-old, predicted aforementioned outcomes at age 25/26 in every instance. Furthermore, number of risk factors was positively associated with number of negative outcomes. Finally, early risk accounted for variance beyond that explained by later risk in the prediction of CO. We discuss these findings in terms of five criteria posed by these data, positing a mediated net of adversity- model, suggesting that CR may increase some central integrative factor, simultaneously augmenting risk across cognitive, quality of life, psychiatric and physical health outcomes.
Facing the perfect contingency: Interactions with the self at 2 and 3 months.
(Elsevier Inc, 2007) Reddy, Vasudevi; Chisholm, Vivienne; Forrester, David; Conforti, Monia; Maniatopoulou, Dmitra
We used a double video Live-Replay-Live procedure to explore self-self interactions in fourteen 9-week-old infants, repeated at 13-weeks with 10 of these infants. Using multiple measures of behavioural response we found that (1) in all cases where age effects held, duration of response was greater at 9- than at 13-weeks, (2) infants' responses differed according to whether or not self-images were Live or Replay, and (3) age and condition interacted to influence infants' responses. At 9 (but not 13) weeks, the two Live conditions correlated with each other but not with the Replay condition on some measures, indicating that infants apprehended the visual-proprioceptive contingency provided by their actions. Also at 9-weeks only, all infants showed reversals in visual attention with evidence for a bi-modal pattern: 8 preferring the Live conditions and 6 the Replay condition. An explanation based on familiarity and increasing disinterest with specific contexts is suggested.
Interpersonal Engagement Mediates the Relation between Maternal Affect and Externalising Behaviour in Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes
(PLoS ONE, 2014-06-06) Chisholm, Vivienne; Gonzalez, A.; Atkinson, Leslie
Mother-child interactions around a shared activity have been shown to play a key role in the development of young children's capacity to interact cooperatively with others. This evidence is particularly germane to type 1 diabetes (T1D) management in younger children where cooperation with parental treatment efforts is crucial for treatment success and where maternal distress and child behavioural problems are risk factors for treatment management, biomedical and psychological outcomes. In 49 4-to-8 year old children with T1D, we investigated whether the association between maternal affect and child problematic behaviour is mediated by mother-child interactions in the context of a T1D-relevant collaborative problem-solving activity. Mothers completed standardised measures of maternal and child psychological adjustment and interacted with their children in the problem-solving activity, analysed for quality of interpersonal engagement based on evaluations of maternal (sensitivity and cognitive stimulation) and dyadic (joint attention and warmth) behaviours. Mediation analyses confirmed the hypothesis that interpersonal engagement mediates the relation between maternal affective state and child behavioural problems. Specifically, more negative maternal affect is associated with lower levels of interpersonal engagement; these less engaged interactions in turn are associated with more behavioural problems in children. These findings are consistent with research involving typically developing children. The implications of our findings are twofold. First, in the context of psychological adjustment to T1D, maternal affect and mother-child interactions are 2 potential targets for interventions which promote cooperative interactions. Second, understanding and caring for children at biological risk requires attention to developmental psychology theory and method; in particular, research addressing parent-child cooperation carries both conceptual and clinical relevance.
Listening to Fathers of Sons with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
(Australian Institute of Male Health and Studies., 2015) Cunniff, A. L.; Chisholm, Vivienne; Chouliara, Zo
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) affects the entire family, however, most studies concern maternal adjustment with fathers' adjustment largely overlooked. To investigate experiences of fathers of sons with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) interviews were held with 15 fathers of a son with DMD, from across the UK. 55 fathers from an associated study also provided written accounts. Grounded theory methodology was used to evaluate the data. Four key themes emerged: 1) loss and acceptance; 2) support versus isolation; 3) fight for resources and 4) race against time. Fathers described the impact of emotional/behavioural factors, which were not routinely addressed by professionals. Findings emphasise importance of person-centred care, indicating how needs could be met, from fathers' perspectives.
Maternal communication style and treatment adherence in young children with type 1 diabetes.
(Sage, 2010) Chisholm, Vivienne; Atkinson, Leslie; Donaldson, Caroline; Noyes, Kathryn; Payne, A.; Kelnar, Chris
The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in young children is increasing markedly however young children have been overlooked in paediatric adherence research despite the unique challenges their care presents. We investigated the relation between maternal communication style and adherence to the dietary regimen in 40 children with T1D, aged 2-8 years, and their mothers. Mothers completed measures of children's sugar consumption, parent-child communication quality, and child psychological functioning. Mothers and children engaged in a videotaped problem-solving task related to the dietary regimen, with maternal utterances analysed for behavioural control style (e.g., commands versus suggestions) and cognitive complexity (e.g., provision of labels versus questions). Maternal communications which engaged children, behaviourally and cognitively, in the task were associated with better adherence, medical, communication quality, and child adjustment outcomes. We conclude that adherence and health (medical and psychological) are optimised when young children are given opportunities to participate in their care.
Maternal communication style, problem-solving and dietary adherence in young children with type 1 diabetes
(2011-07) Chisholm, Vivienne; Atkinson, Leslie; Donaldson, Caroline; Noyes, Kathryn; Payne, Anne; Kelnar, Chris
The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in young children is increasing markedly however young children have been overlooked in paediatric adherence research despite the unique challenges their care presents. We investigated the relation between maternal communication style and adherence to the dietary regimen in 40 children with T1D, aged 2-8 years, and their mothers. Mothers completed measures of children's sugar consumption, parent-child communication quality, and child psychological functioning. Mothers and children engaged in a videotaped problem-solving task related to the dietary regimen, with maternal utterances analysed for behavioural control style (e.g., commands versus suggestions) and cognitive complexity (e.g., provision of labels versus questions). Maternal communications which engaged children, behaviourally and cognitively, in the task were associated with better adherence, medical, communication quality, and child adjustment outcomes. We conclude that adherence and health (medical and psychological) are optimized when young children are given opportunities to participate in their care.
Maternal sensitivity and infant and mother adrenocortical function across challenges
(2013-12-16) Atkinson, Leslie; Gonzalez, Andrea; Kashy, Deborah A.; Santo Basile, Vincenzo; Masellis, Mario; Pereira, Jessica; Chisholm, Vivienne; Levitan, Robert
Findings regarding associations between maternal sensitivity and infant and mother adrenocortical function have been inconsistent. Nor have studies addressed the issue of intra-individual, between-challenge cortisol variability in the context of maternal sensitivity. In this study, we combine several design features aimed at sensitizing analyses to these issues. Cortisol secretion of 297 infants and their mothers was assessed in response to different challenges at 16 and 17 months. Extensive, structured observations of maternal sensitivity were conducted at infant age 16 months. Data were analyzed with multilevel modeling using an actor-partner interdependence model. We found that maternal sensitivity was related to infant, but not maternal, cortisol levels and also to infant-mother cortisol attunement. Infants of more sensitive mothers, as compared to infants of less sensitive mothers, showed greater cortisol variability across challenges, with relatively steep cortisol decreases and increases, depending on challenge. Mother and infant cortisol levels were highly correlated and this attunement was higher among dyads with more sensitive mothers than among dyads with less sensitive mothers. The results show nuanced attunement in a low-risk sample, with the infants of higher sensitivity mothers showing greater intra-individual variability across challenges. High cortisol response variability across challenges may simultaneously permit adaptation to threat and protect the infant from overexposure to corticosteroids. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Maternal sensitivity and overt aggression in young children with Down syndrome
(Elsevier, 2011-11) Niccols, A.; Milligan, K.; Chisholm, Vivienne; Atkinson, Leslie
Children with genetic syndromes offer a unique opportunity to combine genetic and environmental approaches to the study of aggression. Children with genetic syndromes associated with developmental delay are at increased risk for behavior problems, but little is known about risk and resilience factors. In this study, we examined maternal sensitivity of mothers of children with Down syndrome using home observations when their children were 2, 3, and 5 years old, and relations with maternal reports and observations of overt aggression at school at age 5. Maternal sensitivity at ages 2 and 3 years did not significantly predict child aggression at age 5, but low maternal sensitivity at age 5 was significantly related to overt aggression at both home and school. By replicating and extending earlier work, this study informs developmental theory and identifies an important maternal variable related to aggression in children with Down syndrome. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved,
Maternal Sensitivity, Child Functional Level, and Attachment in Down Syndrome. Chapter III.
(Wiley-Blackwell, 1999) Atkinson, Leslie; Chisholm, Vivienne; Scott, Brian; Goldberg, Susan; Vaughn, Brian E.; Blackwell, Janis; Dickens, Susan; Tam, Francis
Investigated the influence of child intellectual/adaptive functioning and maternal sensitivity on attachment security, using a sample of children with Down syndrome. Found a relationship between attachment security in DS related to the interaction of maternal sensitivity and cognitive competence.
Predictors of treatment adherence in young children with type 1 diabetes.
(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007) Chisholm, Vivienne; Atkinson, Leslie; Donaldson, Caroline; Noyes, Kathryn; Payne, A.; Kelnar, Chris
Aim. This paper reports a study to investigate whether diabetes-specific, demographic and psychosocial variables predict adherence in young children with type 1 diabetes. Background. Paediatric diabetes rates are increasing worldwide; however, young children are neglected in treatment adherence research, despite the importance of adherence for health. Greater understanding of adherence in this group could enhance nurses' ability to provide care tailored to families' needs. Method. A cross-sectional study was carried out between 2001 and 2003 with 65 children aged 2-8 years and their mothers in Britain. Mothers were interviewed about children's diabetes care, nutritional analyses were conducted and mothers completed assessments of diabetes knowledge, parenting stress, family functioning and child psychological adjustment. Demographic and medical information was collected from patient records. Findings. Consistent with older populations, blood glucose monitoring and dietary regimens showed greater adherence variability than injection frequency and injection time consistency. Better maternal diabetes knowledge correlated with less injection time variability, more frequent blood glucose monitoring, lower percentage energy intake from extrinsic sugars, lower glycosylated haemoglobin levels and fewer relationship difficulties. Longer diabetes duration, greater injection time variability and higher percentage energy intake from extrinsic sugars predicted less frequent blood glucose monitoring. More relationship difficulties and less frequent blood glucose monitoring predicted higher percentage energy intake from extrinsic sugars. Conclusions. Nurses can facilitate treatment adherence through provision of educational, practical and socio-emotional support. Nursing interventions should target blood glucose monitoring and dietary regimens in particular, and nurses should be sensitive to the various caretaking challenges presented to parents by different components of the diabetes regimen.
Relationship between maternal and child behaviour in paediatric food allergy - an exploratory study
(Elsevier, 2015-10-27) Sommer, I.; Chisholm, Vivienne; Mackenzie, H.; Venter, C.; Dean, T.
Stress and psychological well-being during campus re-location: A longitudinal study in a Scottish university
(2009) Connolly, John F.; Willock, Joyce; Hipwell, Michele; Chisholm, Vivienne
The adjustment to diabetes of school-age children with psychological adjustment problems.
(British Psychological Society, 2003) Chisholm, Vivienne
Objective: To determine whether diabetic children with psychological adjustment problems have greater difficulties in specific areas of disease adaptation than their welladjusted diabetic peers by comparing their diabetes-related adjustments in the family, school and peer environments. Method: Mothers of 47 school-age preadolescent children with diabetes completed a standardized assessment of general psychological functioning. Children with psychological adjustment problems were then compared with children who did not exhibit problems along the following dimensions: their demographic and medical profiles, maternal diabetes knowledge, associations between general psychological functioning and diabetes control, and the quality of their diabetes adjustment. Results: No differences were found between children with psychological adjustment problems and their better-adjusted peers along any of the demographic or health status variables tested or in maternal diabetes knowledge. However, children with adjustment problems were more likely to receive visits from the hospital's home-care team and to be absent from school. Also, for children with psychological difficulty, indices of diabetes control and general psychological functioning were related, and the nature of this relation differed across the school and family environments. In addition, poorer psychological adjustment was associated with diabetes-specific problems in both mother and child. These included individual adjustment problems such as feeling different, relationship difficulties with family and peers, and difficulties with the treatment protocol, in particular, with the dietary regime. Conclusion: These findings are considered in relation to (1) the importance of multi-method techniques in research which concerns adjustment to diabetes, in particular the need to use both psychological and disease-specific instruments, and (2) clinical evaluations and interventions for children with diabetes and their families.