Browsing by Person "Gryka-MacPhail, Anna"

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Global warming: Is weight loss a solution?
(Springer Nature, 2011-07-26) Gryka-MacPhail, Anna; Broom, J.; Rolland, C.
The current climate change has been most likely caused by the increased greenhouse gas emissions. We have looked at the major greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO2), and estimated the reduction in the CO2 emissions that would occur with the theoretical global weight loss. The calculations were based on our previous weight loss study, investigating the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on body weight, body composition and resting metabolic rate of obese volunteers with type 2 diabetes. At 6 months, we observed decreases in weight, fat mass, fat free mass and CO2 production. We estimated that a 10 kg weight loss of all obese and overweight people would result in a decrease of 49.560 Mt of CO2 per year, which would equal to 0.2% of the CO2 emitted globally in 2007. This reduction could help meet the CO2 emission reduction targets and unquestionably would be of a great benefit to the global health.
Longevity of daily oral vitamin D3 supplementation: Differences in 25OHD and 24,25(OH)2D observed 2 years after cessation of a 1-year randomised controlled trial (VICtORy RECALL)
(International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2017-09-15) Macdonald, H.M.; Gryka-MacPhail, Anna; Tang, J. C. Y.; Aucott, L. S.; Fraser, W. D.; Wood, A. D.
Summary To determine how long vitamin D lasts after supplementation ceases, the marker of status was measured 2 and 3 years after a 1-year trial. Compared to placebo, the proportion of vitamin D-deficient women was still lower, if they had taken daily vitamin D3, after 2 years, indicating its longevity. Introduction The purpose of this study was to determine longevity of vitamin D status following cessation of vitamin D3 supplementation, 2 and 3 years after a 1-year randomised, double-blind placebo controlled trial and to investigate possible predictive factors. Methods Caucasian non-smoking postmenopausal women randomised to ViCtORY (2009–2010), who had not taken vitamin D supplements since the trial ended, were invited to attend follow-up visits. Total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25OH2D) were measured by dual tandem mass spectrometry of serum samples following removal of protein and de-lipidation; the original randomised controlled trial (RCT) samples were re-analysed simultaneously. Vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) was measured by monoclonal immunoassay. Results In March 2012 and March 2013, 159 women (mean (SD) age 67.6 (2.1) years) re-attended, equally distributed between the original treatment groups: daily vitamin D3 (400 IU, 1000 IU) and placebo. One month after the RCT ended (March 2010), the proportion of women in placebo, 400 IU and 1000 IU vitamin D3 groups, respectively, with 25OHD < 25 nmol/L was 15, 0 and 0 (chi-square p < 0.001, n = 46, 44, 54). After 2 years (March 2012), it was 22, 4 and 4% (p = 0.002, n = 50, 48, 57); after 3 years, it was 23, 13 and 15% (p = 0.429, n = 48, 45, 52). The respective proportions of women with 24,25OH2D < 2.2 nmol/L were 50, 2 and 2% (1 month, p < 0.001, n = 46, 44, 54); 42, 33 and 12% (2 years, p = 0.002, n = 50, 48, 57); and 45, 27 and 29% (3 years, p = 0.138, n = 47, 45, 51). VDBP was a predictor of circulating 25OHD longevity (beta for VDBP in μg/mL 0.736; 95% CI 0.216–1.255, p = 0.006) but not 24,25OH2D. Conclusion Four hundred international units or 1000 IU of daily vitamin D3 showed benefits over placebo 2 years after supplementation ceased in keeping 25OHD > 25 nmol/L.
Longitudinal study of weight, energy intake and physical activity change across two decades in older Scottish women
(BMJ, 2017-02-03) Yang, Tiffany C.; Gryka-MacPhail, Anna; Aucott, Lorna S.; Duthie, Garry G.; Macdonald, Helen M.
Background The perimenopausal and postmenopausal periods are times of pronounced physiological change in body mass index (BMI), physical activity and energy intake. Understanding these changes in middle age could contribute to formation of potential public health targets. Method A longitudinal cohort of 5119 perimenopausal women from the Aberdeen Prospective Osteoporosis Screening Study (APOSS) recruited between 1990 and 1994, with follow-up visits at 1997–1999 and 2009– 2011. At each visit, participants were weighed, measured and completed socioeconomic and demographic questionnaires. Participants at the first visit were asked to recall body weights at 20, 30 and 40 years of age. We assessed trends in BMI, physical activity and energy intake across and within visits. Results Over 2 decades, obesity prevalence doubled from 14% to 28% of the participants, with 69% of participants being categorised as overweight or obese. Greater than 70% of participants gained >5% of their baseline BMI with weight gain occurring across all weight categories. Energy intake and physical activity levels (PALs) did not change during the 2 decades after menopause (p trend=0.06 and 0.11, respectively), but, within the second visit, energy intake increased concomitantly with a decrease in physical activity across increasing quartiles of BMI (p trend <0.001 for all). Conclusions Overweight and obesity increased by over 50% over the course of 20 years. Weight gain occurred across the adult life course regardless of starting weight. The marked increase in dietary intake and decrease in PALs in middle age suggest a potential critical period for intervention to curb excess weight gain.
Morphological and functional changes associated with a 12-week self-guided exercise programme of overweight adults: A pilot study
(Cambridge University Press, 2012) Stewart, A. D.; Rolland, Catherine; Gryka-MacPhail, Anna; Smith, Sara; Jones, Jacklyn; Findlay, Sally; Davidson, Isobel
Morphological and health-related changes associated with a 12-week self-guided exercise programme in overweight adults: A pilot study
(Taylor & Francis, 2013-09-09) Stewart, Arthur; Rolland, Catherine; Gryka-MacPhail, Anna; Findlay, Sally; Smith, Sara; Jones, Jacklyn; Davidson, Isobel
Over 12 weeks, supervised physical activity (PA) interventions have demonstrated improvements in morphological and health parameters, whereas community walking programmes have not. The present study piloted a self-guided programme for promoting PA and reducing sedentary behaviour in overweight individuals and measured its effect on a range of health outcomes. Six male and 16 female sedentary adults aged 48.5 5.5 years with body mass index (BMI) 33.4 6.3 kg m-2 were assessed for anthropometric variables, blood pressure, functional capacity, well-being and fatigue. After an exercise consultation, participants pursued their own activity and monitored PA points weekly. At baseline, mid-point and 12 weeks, eight participants wore activity monitors, and all participants undertook a 5-day food diary to monitor dietary intake. In 17 completers, mass, BMI, sit-to-stand, physical and general fatigue had improved by 6 weeks. By 12 weeks, waist, sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), diastolic blood pressure, well-being and most fatigue dimensions had also improved. Throughout the intervention, PA was stable, energy intake and lying time decreased and standing time increased; thus, changes in both energy intake and expenditure explain the health-related outcomes. Observed changes in function, fatigue and quality of life are consistent with visceral fat loss and can occur at levels of weight loss which may not be considered clinically significant. 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
Patterns of dietary intake and serum carotenoid and tocopherol status are associated with biomarkers of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk
(The Nutrition Society, 2014-09-15) Wood, Adrian D.; Gryka-MacPhail, Anna; Thies, Frank; Aucott, Lorna S.; Reid, David M.; Hardcastle, Antonia C.; Mavroeidi, Alexandra; Simpson, William G.; Duthie, Garry G.; Macdonald, Helen M.
Dietary modification may affect inflammatory processes and protect against chronic disease. In the present study, we examined the relationship between dietary patterns, circulating carotenoid and tocopherol concentrations, and biomarkers of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation in a 10-year longitudinal study of Scottish postmenopausal women. Diet was assessed by FFQ during 1997–2000 (n 3237, mean age 54·8 (SD 2·2) years). Participants (n 2130, mean age 66·0 (SD 2·2) years) returned during 2007–11 for follow-up. Diet was assessed by FFQ (n 1682) and blood was collected for the analysis of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), IL-6, serum amyloid A, E-selectin, lipid profile and dietary biomarkers (carotenoids, tocopherols and retinol). Dietary pattern and dietary biomarker (serum carotenoid) components were generated by principal components analysis. A past ‘prudent’ dietary pattern predicted serum concentrations of hs-CRP and IL-6 (which decreased across the quintiles of the dietary pattern; P= 0·002 and P= 0·001, respectively; ANCOVA). Contemporary dietary patterns were also associated with inflammatory biomarkers. The concentrations of hs-CRP and IL-6 decreased across the quintiles of the ‘prudent’ dietary pattern (P= 0·030 and P= 0·006, respectively). hs-CRP concentration increased across the quintiles of a ‘meat-dominated’ dietary pattern (P= 0·001). Inflammatory biomarker concentrations decreased markedly across the quintiles of carotenoid component score (P< 0·001 for hs-CRP and IL-6, and P= 0·016 for E-selectin; ANCOVA). Prudent dietary pattern and carotenoid component scores were negatively associated with serum hs-CRP concentration (unstandardised β for prudent component: − 0·053, 95 % CI − 0·102, − 0·003; carotenoid component: − 0·183, 95 % CI − 0·233, − 0·134) independent of study covariates. A prudent dietary pattern (which reflects a diet high in the intakes of fish, yogurt, pulses, rice, pasta and wine, in addition to fruit and vegetable consumption) and a serum carotenoid profile characteristic of a fruit and vegetable-rich diet are associated with lower concentrations of intermediary markers that are indicative of CVD risk reduction.
Validation of a short questionnaire for estimating dietary calcium intakes
(International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2014-03-26) Macdonald, H. M.; Garland, A.; Burr, J.; Gryka-MacPhail, Anna; Wood, A. D.; Jamil, N. A.; McLernon, D.; Black, A. J.
Summary Concern about calcium supplements, and mainly minor side effects (e.g. constipation) impacting on compliance, means that assessing dietary calcium intake is important. There is no suitable biomarker. Compared to food diaries, a short questionnaire was an efficient way of confirming that patients had adequate calcium intakes (>700 or >1,000 mg) Introduction Calcium is usually given alongside treatments for osteoporosis, but recent concerns about potential side effects have led to questioning whether supplements are always necessary. It is difficult to assess calcium intake in a clinical setting and be certain that the patient is getting enough calcium. The aim of this study was to determine whether a short questionnaire for estimating dietary calcium intakes in a clinical setting was fit for purpose. Methods We assessed dietary calcium intakes using a short questionnaire (CaQ) in patients attending an osteoporosis clinic (n=117) and compared them with calcium intakes obtained from a 7-day food diary (n=72) and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (n=33). Results Mean (SD) daily calcium intakes from the CaQ were 836 (348)mg; from the diaries, 949 (384)mg; and from the FFQ, 1,141 (387)mg. The positive predictive value (PPV) was >80 % for calcium cut-offs>700 mg and 70 % for cutoffs>1,000 mg. The calcium intakes for the false positives results were not far below the cut-off. For 1,200 mg, the PPV was 67 % or less. Conclusion The CaQ is an adequate tool for assessing whether a patient has daily calcium intakes above 700 or 1,000 mg; if below these cut-offs, it is possible that the patient still has enough calcium in the diet, which could be clarified by questioning the patient further. As there were few patients with calcium intakes above 1,200 mg a day, the CaQ cannot be recommended as a tool for confirming higher dietary calcium intakes.