Browsing by Person "McIntyre, Alex"

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Creating a Cross-Race Effect Inventory to Postdict Eyewitness Accuracy
(American Psychological Association, 2025-07-28) Töredi, Dilhan; Mansour, Jamal K.; Jones, Sian; Skelton, Faye; McIntyre, Alex
Objective: The Cross-Race Effect (CRE) is a reliable and robust phenomenon, whereby individuals better recognize faces that belong to their race compared to another race. Our goal was to develop a self-report Inventory (i.e., CRE-I) that brings together known predictors of the CRE to improve postdiction of cross-race eyewitness accuracy. Hypotheses: We expected a CRE for White and Asian participants. We anticipated that developed CRE-I subscales would correlate positively with extant (some modified) scales and predict accuracy. Method: Participants completed four trials (two White targets and two Asian targets). For each trial, they watched a mock crime video, performed a distractor task, made a sequential lineup decision (target-present or target-absent), and indicated confidence in their lineup decision. After all trials, participants completed the potential items for the CRE-I. Results: We replicated prior findings of a CRE for White participants but did not find a CRE for Asian participants. Exploratory factor analysis produced an inventory (the CRE-I) with reliable scales for White eyewitnesses: general face recognition ability, race-specific face recognition ability, racial attitudes, quantity of contact, quality of contact, motivated individuation, and cognitive disregard. Responses to several scales predicted identification accuracy. In particular, three scales of the CRE-I predicted identification accuracy beyond the predictiveness of confidence: race-specific face recognition ability, racial attitudes towards White people, and motivated individuation of White people. Conclusions: Variables suggested separately by the perceptual expertise hypothesis and the social cognitive hypothesis predicted identification accuracy, providing support for integrative models of the CRE. The CRE-I contributes to the CRE literature both in terms of theory—by showing which factors among many may best relate to recognition—and practice—by improving evaluations of eyewitness reliability.
The Impact of Minority Status on the Cross-Race Effect: A Critical Review
(SAGE Publications, 2025-06-30) Töredi, Dilhan; Mansour, Jamal K.; Jones, Sian; Skelton, Faye; McIntyre, Alex
Meta-analyses have consistently demonstrated the robustness of the cross-race effect (CRE; i.e., better recognition of same-race faces compared to different-race faces). These analyses have unveiled variations in the dependent variables associated with the CRE across combinations of participant and target races (Lee & Penrod, 2022; Meissner & Brigham, 2001). However, the underlying factors driving these variations remain poorly understood. We posit that although the CRE is robust, its generalizability may be contingent on the specific racial groups compared, particularly when contrasting majority and minority racial groups. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the dynamics of the CRE across distinct racial groups and explore how minority status may influence research outcomes. We considered the manuscripts included in the latest meta-analyses of the CRE with a spotlight on minority status. We suggest that minority-race status may explain why many studies considering non-White participants do not show a CRE. The CRE might not be as robust as it appears to be because much of the research on the effect has focused on majority-race participants and minority-race faces. Going forward, researchers should consider incorporating measures relevant to the minority effect, fully crossing participant and target races, and studying a greater variety of races.
Working Memory Capacity Is Related to Eyewitness Identification Accuracy, but Selective Attention and Need for Cognition Are Not
(2025-09-16) Töredi, Dilhan; Mansour, Jamal K.; Jones, Sian; Skelton, Faye; McIntyre, Alex
Individual differences in working memory capacity, selective attention, and need for cognition were investigated as postdictors—variables indicating the likelihood that an identification is accurate—using same-race and cross-race lineups. We also explored whether these variables improve predictions of identification accuracy when considering confidence and response time. White participants (N = 274) completed individual differences measures, watched four mock-crime videos (2 Asian targets, 2 White targets), made lineup decisions, and rated their confidence. Working memory capacity predicted identification accuracy and target-present accuracy but not target-absent accuracy. A regression model with confidence, response time, and working memory capacity explained more variance than a model with confidence and response time alone, indicating that working memory capacity tells us more about identification accuracy than extant reflector variables about identification accuracy.