Browsing by Person "McKee, Martin"

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Does vaccine ageism amount to gerontocide? [Correspondence]
(Elsevier, 2021-09-11) Lloyd-Sherlock, Peter; Lasco, Gideon; McKee, Martin; Perianayagam, Arokiasamy; Sempé, Lucas
Estimation of all-cause excess mortality by age-specific mortality patterns for countries with incomplete vital statistics: a population-based study of the case of Peru during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic
(Elsevier, 2021-08-20) Sempé, Lucas; Lloyd-Sherlock, Peter; Martínez, Ramón; Ebrahim, Shah; McKee, Martin; Acosta, Enrique
Background All-cause excess mortality is a comprehensive measure of the combined direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 on mortality. Estimates are usually derived from Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) systems, but these do not include non-registered deaths, which may be affected by changes in vital registration coverage over time. Methods Our analytical framework and empirical strategy account for registered mortality and under-registration. This provides a better estimate of the actual mortality impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. We use population and crude mortality rate projections from Peru's National Institute of Statistics and Information (INEI, in Spanish), individual-level registered COVID-19 deaths from the Ministry of Health (MoH), and individual-level registered deaths by region and age since 2017 from the National Electronic Deaths Register (SINADEF, in Spanish). We develop a novel framework combining different estimates and using quasi-Poisson models to estimate total excess mortality across regions and age groups. Also, we use logistic mixed-effects models to estimate the coverage of the new SINADEF system. Findings We estimate that registered mortality underestimates national mortality by 37•1% (95% CI 23% - 48•5%) across 26 regions and nine age groups. We estimate total all-cause excess mortality during the period of analysis at 173,099 (95% CI 153,669 - 187,488) of which 108,943 (95% CI 96,507 - 118,261) were captured by the vital registration system. Deaths at age 60 and over accounted for 74•1% (95% CI 73•9% - 74•7%) of total excess deaths, and there were fewer deaths than expected in younger age groups. Lima region, on the Pacific coast and including the national capital, accounts for the highest share of excess deaths, 87,781 (95% CI 82,294 - 92,504), while in the opposite side regions of Apurimac and Huancavelica account for less than 300 excess deaths. Interpretation Estimating excess mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Peru must take under-registration of mortality into account. Combining demographic trends with data from administrative registries reduces uncertainty and measurement errors. In countries like Peru, this is likely to produce significantly higher estimates of excess mortality than studies that do not take these effects into account.
Health system governance in settings with conflict-affected populations: a systematic review
(Oxford University Press, 2022-03-22) Lokot, Michelle; Bou-Orm, Ibrahim; Zreik, Thurayya; Kik, Nour; Fuhr, Daniela C; El Masri, Rozane; Meagher, Kristen; Smith, James; Asmar, Michele Kosremelli; McKee, Martin; Roberts, Bayard
Health system governance has been recognized as critical to strengthening healthcare responses in settings with conflict-affected populations. The aim of this review was to examine existing evidence on health system governance in settings with conflict-affected populations globally. The specific objectives were (1) to describe the characteristics of the eligible studies; (2) to describe the principles of health system governance; (3) to examine evidence on barriers and facilitators for stronger health system governance; and (4) to analyse the quality of available evidence. A systematic review methodology was used following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis criteria. We searched six academic databases and used grey literature sources. We included papers reporting empirical findings on health system governance among populations affected by armed conflict, including refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced populations, conflict-affected non-displaced populations and post-conflict populations. Data were analysed according to the study objectives and informed primarily by a governance framework from the literature. Quality appraisal was conducted using an adapted version of the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Of the 6511 papers identified through database searches, 34 studies met eligibility criteria. Few studies provided a theoretical framework or definition for governance. The most frequently identifiable governance principles related to participation and coordination, followed by equity and inclusiveness and intelligence and information. The least frequently identifiable governance principles related to rule of law, ethics and responsiveness. Across studies, the most common facilitators of governance were collaboration between stakeholders, bottom-up and community-based governance structures, inclusive policies and longer-term vision. The most common barriers related to poor coordination, mistrust, lack of a harmonized health response, lack of clarity on stakeholder responsibilities, financial support and donor influence. This review highlights the need for more theoretically informed empirical research on health system governance in settings with conflict-affected populations that draws on existing frameworks for governance.
Participation by conflict-affected and forcibly displaced communities in humanitarian healthcare responses: A systematic review
(Elsevier, 2020-12-09) Rass, Ella; Lokot, Michelle; Brown, Felicity L; Fuhr, Daniela C; Asmar, Michèle Kosremelli; Smith, James; McKee, Martin; Bou-Orm, Ibrahim; Yeretzian, Joumana Stephan; Roberts, Bayard
Background Community participation in health responses in humanitarian crises is increasingly promoted by humanitarian actors to support adoption of measures that are relevant and effective to local needs. Our aim was to understand the role of community participation in humanitarian health responses for conflict-affected populations (including forcibly displaced populations) in low- and middle-income countries and the barriers and facilitators to community participation in healthcare responses. Methods Using a systematic review methodology, following the PRISMA protocol, we searched four bibliographic databases for publications reporting peer-reviewed primary research. Studies were selected if they reported how conflict-affected populations were involved in healthcare responses in low- and middle-income settings, and associated changes in healthcare responses or health outcomes. We applied descriptive thematic synthesis and assessed study quality using study design-specific appraisal tools. Results Of 18,247 records identified through the database searching, 18 studies met our inclusion criteria. Various types of community participation were observed, with participation mostly involved in implementing interventions rather than framing problems or designing solutions. Most studies on community participation focused on changes in health services (access, utilisation, quality), community acceptability and awareness, and ownership and sustainability. Key barriers and facilitators to community participation included political will at national and local level, ongoing armed conflict, financial and economic factors, socio-cultural dynamics of communities, design of humanitarian responses, health system factors, and health knowledge and beliefs. Included studies were of mixed quality and the overall strength of evidence was weak. More generally there was limited critical engagement with concepts of participation. Conclusion This review highlights the need for more research on more meaningful community participation in healthcare responses in conflict-affected communities, particularly in framing problems and creating solutions. More robust research is also required linking community participation with longer-term individual and health system outcomes, and that critically engages in constructs of community participation.
Problems of Data Availability and Quality for COVID-19 and Older People in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
(Oxford University Press, 2020-10-06) Lloyd-Sherlock, Peter; Sempé, Lucas; McKee, Martin; Guntupalli, Aravinda
For all health conditions, reliable age-disaggregated data are vital for both epidemiological analysis and monitoring the relative prioritization of different age groups in policy responses. This is especially essential in the case of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), given the strong association between age and case fatality. This paper assesses the availability and quality of age-based data on reported COVID-19 cases and deaths for low- and middle-income countries. It finds that the availability of reliable data which permit specific analyses of older people is largely absent. The paper explores the potential of excess mortality estimates as an alternative metric of the pandemic’s effects on older populations. Notwithstanding some technical challenges, this may offer a better approach, especially in countries where cause of death data are unreliable.
The changing hospital workforce in Europe.
(Open University Press, 2002) Buchan, James; O'May, Fiona; Healy, J.; McKee, Martin
The impact of health facilities on healthcare workers' well-being and performance
(2009-07) Rechel, Bernd; Buchan, James; McKee, Martin
The impact of health facilities on patients has been extensively researched. Yet, while there is a growing recognition of the need for healthy working environments, little is known about how health facilities affect the staff working in them. This paper explores how the design of health facilities impacts on the well-being and performance of healthcare workers. The article is based on a review of published literature, identified through PubMed and Google, as well as through searches of websites of relevant organizations. Many traditionally designed health facilities seem to impact negatively on the well-being of healthcare workers, as well as on staff recruitment, retention and performance. Better-designed health facilities can improve working conditions and staff safety, and enable staff to do their job more efficiently. The needs of healthcare workers should be taken into account at the initial design stage of health facilities, ideally though direct involvement or meaningful consultation. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.