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Item The effects of repetition and speech rate on recall accuracy in a discourse listening task(2017-08-18) Donahue, Jillian; Schoepfer, Christine; Lickley, RobinItem Stuttering on function words and content words : a computational test of the covert repair hypothesis(Routledge, 2005-02) Hartsuiker, Robert J.; Kolk, Herman H. J.; Lickley, Robin; Bastiaanse, Roelien; Hartsuiker, Robert J.; Postma, Albert; Wijnen, FrankItem When Can Listeners Detect Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech?(Kingston Press Ltd, 1998-04) Lickley, Robin; Bard, E. G.Three experiments investigated listeners' ability to detect disfluency in spontaneous speech. All employed gated word recognition with judgments of disfluency for spontaneous utterances containing disfluencies and for three kinds of fluent control utterances from the same six speakers: repetitions of corrected recordings of original disfluent items, spontaneous fluent utterances loosely matched in structure to the disfluent items, and repetitions of those spontaneous fluent items. In Experiment 1, 120 stimuli were word-level gated and presented to 20 subjects for word identification and for judgments on whether the utterance was about to become disfluent. Listeners were unable to predict disfluency reliably. New subjects (N=20, 43) judged whether the same utterances had already become disfluent at each word gate in Experiment 2 or at each 35 ms gate in Experiment 3. Subjects reliably detected existing disfluencies during the first word gate after the interruption and before they recognized the word. Though more common around disfluencies than at similar points in controls, failures of word identification were not reliably associated with detection. Results are discussed in the light of computational models of disfluency detection.Item Intonation of clause-internal filled pauses(Karger, 1993) Shriberg, E. E.; Lickley, RobinClause-internal filled pauses and preceding peak fundamental frequency (F0) values were analyzed to determine whether the intonation of filled pauses is relative to, or independent of, prior prosodic context. Higher peaks were found to be systematically associated with higher filled-pause values, supporting the 'relative' hypothesis. A linear model, in which filled-pause F0 was expressed as an invariant (over speakers) proportion of the distance between preceding peak F0 and a speaker-dependent baseline F0, produced results nearly identical to those of a two-parameter model in which the coefficients of peak and baseline were allowed to vary freely. The model was less appropriate for filled pauses after sentence-initial peaks, but unaffected by temporal variables.Item Are adults who stammer too sensitive?(British Stammering Association., 2002-09) Lickley, Robin; Russell, Melanie; Corley, MartinNew research is suggesting that one of the reasons people stammer is that they're overly concerned about speaking fluently - they try too hard to monitor their speech for minor errors and are too strict about what is acceptable.Item Relative contributions of feedback and editing in language production: Behavioral & articulatory evidence(A).(Acoustical Society of America, 2005-04) McMillan, Corey; Corley, Martin; Lickley, Robin; Hartsuiker, R. J.Psychologists normally attribute the surfacing of phonological speech errors to one of two factors: editing of the speech plan [Levelt (1989)] or feedback between word and phoneme levels [Dell (1986)]. This paper assesses the relative contributions of each factor, focusing on the perception and articulation of elicited speech errors. Experiments one and two measure the likelihood of phonological exchange errors as a function of phonetic similarity [Frisch (1996)], using the SLIP paradigm and a tongue-twister task. Both experiments show that error likelihood increases with phonetic similarity between intended and actual utterance, an effect easy to account for in terms of feedback but not in terms of editing. Experiment three uses EPG to analyze the tongue-twister utterances: many errors occur at the articulatory level but are not easily perceived in the speech signal. Preliminary analysis suggests three patterns of error: (1) substitution of segments, which may be the result of editing; (2) simultaneous double articulation, hypothesized to be the result of residual activation due to feedback; and (3) overlapping double articulation, representing partial execution of one articulation before substitution with another. Taking these findings together, we hope to evaluate the relative contributions of editing and feedback to phonological speech errors.Item Development of lingual coarticulation and articulatory constraints between childhood and adolescence: an ultrasound study(ISSP, 2014-05) Zharkova, Natalia; Lickley, Robin; Hardcastle, William J.; Fuchs, Susanne; Grice, M.; Hermes, A.; Lancia, L.; MÃ_cke, D.Item The Intentionality of disfluency: Findings from feedback and timing.(Department of Linguistics, Gteborg University, 2003) Nicholson, H.; Bard, E. G.; Lickley, Robin; Anderson, A.; Mullin, J.; Kenicer, D.; Smallwood, L.Item Disfluency under feedback and time-pressure.(2003) Lickley, Robin; Bard, E. G.; Nicholson, H.; Anderson, A.; Flecha-Garcia, M.; Kenicer, D.; Smallwood, L.; Mullin, J.; Cheng, YanSpeakers engaging in dialogue with another conversationalist must create and execute plans with respect to the content of the utterance. An analysis of disfluencies from Map Task monologues shows that a speaker is influenced by the pressure to communicate with a distant listener. Speakers were also subject to time-pressure, thereby increasing the cognitive burden of the overall task at hand. The duress of the speaker, as determined by disfluency rate, was examined across four conditions of variable feedback and timing. A surprising result was found that does not adhere to the predictions of the traditional views concerning collaboration in dialogue.