BSc (Hons) Human Biology

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The effects of L-Citrulline on thermoregulation and vascular function
(Queen Margaret University, 2015)
Backround: Nitric oxide (NO) is a vital regulator of vascular function and relevant in conditions such as CVD and stroke. Supplementation to improve NO levels has proven difficult and supplementation with its precursor , L- Arginine, has given minor statistically significant results. L-Citrulline is a precursor of L-Arginine , supplementation of L-Citrulline above 1.5g has the potential to significantly improved vascular parameters. Within both animal and human trials L-Citrulline improves vascular function assessed through PWV, AIx and BP. Objectives : The aim of this study is to asses vascular response after supplementation of L- Citrulline (1.5g/day) compared to supplementation of Vitamin C placebo (120mg/day). Methods: A single blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, trial design was used with 16 normotensive participants that met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Participants were randomly allocated intervention or placebo for 2 weeks were assessed with Pulse wave velocity (PWV), Augmentation index (AIx) , Heart rate (Hr), Blood pressure(BP) and Sympathetic release test ( SRT). Intervention included 1.5g/day of L-citrulline and placebo included 120mg/day. Results : After two weeks SBP reduced significantly (P=0.01)within the intervention group, SBP was also reduced in placebo group,(P=0.05). Between baseline and follow-up sessions SRT found a significant difference in sympathetic release time highlighting improved vasodilation. (P=0.01). No significant changes in PWV, AIx or Hr were found in either arms. No significant differences in skin or aural temperature were found after two weeks in either group. Conclusion : This short term study highlights the significant effects of L-Citrulline on systolic blood pressure and sympathetic release time after a 2 week supplementation period.. Within other parameters; Hr, PWV and AIx no significant effect was found in either of the treatment arms. Larger population studies are needed to further understand any short term effects as well as whether these effects are dose dependant. This study also provides support for the use of SRT which should be considered for further research. Keywords: L-citrulline, Vitamin C, PWV, Sympathetic Release Test, Nitric oxide, Thermoregulation, haemodynamics.
The effect of ingestion of different chocolates with varying antioxidant content on cognitive function and markers of vascular health
(Queen Margaret University, 2015)
Rational: Ingestion of chocolate has been shown by numerous studies to improve cognitive and cardiovascular function. However, studies investigating the effects of chocolate are normally long term studies and studies involving only one type of dark chocolate. Aim: The aim of this study is to find out if dark chocolates with varying levels of antioxidant content have any acute effect on cognitive or cardiovascular function on healthy individuals. Methods: The study involved healthy university students (n=11) that would not suffer extreme reactions to ingestion of chocolate or dairy to do a series of tests assessing their cognitive and cardiovascular function before and one hour after ingestion of 33 g of high antioxidant content aromatherapy botanical chocolates on one session and a control chocolate without the botanicals on another session. The study was single blind study with randomised trials. Results: Improvements in attention through Stroop Test after botanical chocolate were highly significant (P-value=0.01) but cognitive function was only significant at a confidence level of 94% (P-value=0.06). The control chocolate also had high levels of improvement in attention and cognitive function but not enough to be statistically significant. Neither chocolates caused significant changes in cardiovascular activity after ingestion (P-values>=0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study does not support any short term improvements in cardiovascular function. There were no statistically significant difference between cardiovascular parameters before or after ingestion of chocolate. It does however suggests significant improvements in certain cognitive tests. It also shows that the chocolates with higher antioxidant content improve cognitive function to a greater degree. Key words: chocolate, cognitive function, attention, cardiovascular function
A comparison of drug knowledge and attitude in primary(5/6) and Secondary (2/3) school pupils
(Queen Margaret University, 2015)
INTRODUCTION Research has not paid much attention to children in primary school regarding their knowledge of drugs and attitude to substance use compared with the secondary school aged population. The aim of this study is to assess and analyse school pupils drug knowledge and awareness, what is taught within the curriculum, their attitude towards drugs, peer-pressure and their decision making skills. Thus, in turn, accessing whether pupils are achieving expected curriculum outcomes and any future direction in interventions. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in February in Edinburgh. The subjects of the study were primary (younger) and secondary (older) school pupils. The 148 participants, aged 9-14 years, responded to a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 9 questions and 24 items. The analysis was based on frequency of responses to individual questions and, where appropriate, cross tabulations (using the Chi-Square statistical test) to compare and identify statistically significant differences between particular group. RESULTS There was a significant difference in secondary pupils knowing more drugs name specifically cannabis and heroin compare to primary (0.001 and 0.000). Majority of pupils in both groups did not feel peer pressure. Drug knowledge gained was from multiple sources in both school groups. In primary school pupils had a significantly better attitude towards substance use in some outcomes (0.000 and 0.008) meanwhile secondary school pupils had a better understanding of drug knowledge in some outcomes. CONCLUSION Overall, both groups of pupils' drug knowledge and attitude towards substance use was good in terms of what they already knew. Older secondary pupils had heard of more drugs by name and appeared to have a higher autonomy from parents in getting drug related knowledge compare to Younger primary school pupils. It seems attitude about substance use among primary school was encouraging while in secondary school pupil it was slightly lacking on some outcomes but they did have a better drug knowledge and its effect on the body. Future interventions need multifaceted approach in targeting social and environmental factors of school aged children. KEY WORDS Drug knowledge and attitude, primary, secondary, , substance use, children, young people, school pupils
Determining the relationship between hyperglycaemia and endothelial function in young healthy adults
(Queen Margaret University, 2015)
Background: Evidence suggests that hyperglycaemia can cause endothelial dysfunction, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Previous studies which have investigated oral glucose loading on endothelial function have generally focussed on older individuals with age-associated ailments; therefore little data exists in regards to these effects in younger, healthier adults. Furthermore, only a small number of these studies have used a non-glucose solution as an experimental control in order to rule out effects not directly attributable to glucose. Objective: To investigate the effects of hyperglycaemia on endothelial function in young, healthy adults. Methods: Using a single-blinded, within-subject study design, five healthy participants (3 male, 2 female), aged 21.6 ± 0.24 years old each consumed a glucose drink (75g glucose in 250ml water) and two non-glucose control drinks (1.5g of Canderel in 250ml water or 250ml of water alone) in a randomized order over three separate days. Endothelial function was measured by pulse wave velocity and augmentation index at baseline and at 30, 60 and 90 minutes after consumption of each drink. Blood and saliva samples were collected for the determination of glucose levels in addition to measurements of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate at the same time points. Results: Blood glucose levels significantly increased at 30 minutes following consumption of the glucose drink (p>0.002) but no significant increase in blood glucose was evident at 60 and 90 minutes. Canderel and water did not significantly increase blood glucose levels, however none of the drinks led to a significant difference in salivary glucose. There were no significant differences in pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, diastolic blood pressure or heart rate within or between the drinks over 90 minutes. There were no significant differences in systolic blood pressure within the three drinks over 90 minutes. No significant differences in SBP were found between the three drinks at 30 or 90 minutes, however at 60 minutes, SBP following water was significantly higher compared Canderel (p=0.031). Conclusion: An oral glucose load of 75g did not have a significant effect on endothelial function, measured by pulse wave velocity and augmentation index, among a population of young healthy adults over a period of 90 minutes. Keywords: hyperglycaemia, endothelial function, pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, young healthy adults
Hair Cortisol Concentration and its Association with Perceived Stress in Men and Women: An Investigative Study
(Queen Margaret University, 2015)
Introduction - The measurement of cortisol in hair has emerged in recent years as a reliable way of quantifying long term cortisol production. Some controversies remain, however, among these is the possibility of a gender disparity and the connection between perceived stress and cortisol release. Aims - To measure the cortisol present within the hair of a small group of healthy volunteers and compare this against their perceived stress, assessed using the 10-point Perceived Stress Scale, alongside various lifestyle and health factors. Methods - 20 volunteers (15 female) were recruited to the study. BMI, blood pressure and hair colour were measured. Hair of at least 6 cm in length was sampled from the posterior vertex region of the scalp then volunteers answered the Perceived Stress Scale and a variety of questions regarding their health (including any chronic conditions and oral contraceptive use) and lifestyle habits (such as smoking status, alcohol consumption and hair dye use). Cortisol was measured using an in-house salivary ELISA. Results - The average hair cortisol concentration (HCC) in the study group was 155.7 pg/mg (SD 101.13 pg/mg). In the female cohort the mean HCC was 152.76 pg/mg (SD 111.76 pg/mg) while in the male cohort the average HCC was 164.79 pg/mg (SD 68.78 pg/mg), there was no significant influence of gender upon HCC (P = .83). No significant associations were found between HCC and the studied lifestyle factors (all P's = >0.05) however one participant who was found to have type I diabetes did have significantly raised HCC (participant HCC 390.5 pg/mg vs mean study HCC of 155.7 pg/mg, P = .013). No other health factors portrayed any significant affect upon HCC (all P's = >0.05). Keywords: Hair Cortisol; Perceived Stress; Gender; Steroids; ELISA
A Study of the effects of Antioxidants and Caffeine in Tea on Cardiovascular Parameters and Cognitive Function
(Queen Margaret University, 2015)
Introduction: Tea is one of the most highly consumed beverages worldwide. Recently there has been increasing evidence that both green and black teas are beneficial for cardiovascular health and cognitive function. However studies have not focused on the effect of a variety of teas with different antioxidant and caffeine levels after just one cup consumed, where it is of interest if any have an effect on cardiovascular parameter or cognitive function. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of two green and two black teas which contained different amounts of antioxidants and caffeine and to assess each tea's effect on cognitive function and cardiovascular parameters after just one cup consumed. Materials and Methods: The study involved the recruitment of 11 healthy university students who were measured at baseline for cardiovascular parameters and cognitive function. Participants returned on four different occasions to receive four teas - Scottish breakfast (46.8mg caffeine, 1020μmol antioxidants), decaffeinated breakfast (0mg caffeine, 1230μmol antioxidants), jasmine chun hao (36.3mg caffeine, 2619 μmol antioxidants) and gyokuro (31.38mg, 1547μmol antioxidants) and returned for the same cardiovascular parameters and cognitive function tests one hour after consumption. The study was randomised and single blinded. Results: Blood pressure decreased after the consumption of jasmine chun hao (p=0.018) and gyokuro (p=0.05). Increases in augmentation index (p=0.03) and heart rate (P=0.03) were seen after gyokuro ingestion but not with other teas consumed. Digit span length increased after Scottish breakfast (p=0.001), decaffeinated breakfast (p=0.0003), jasmine chun hao (p=0.002) and gyokuro (p=0.038). Corsi block sequence length only increased with Scottish breakfast (p=0.03) and improved changes in stroop testing were seen in only black tea consumption. Conclusion: The findings of the study do support previous evidence that both green and black teas are beneficial to health. Higher levels of antioxidants found in green tea are especially beneficially for blood pressure, where as black tea with higher caffeine is more effective in improving cognitive function. Key Words: Tea, caffeine, antioxidants, cognitive functions, cardiovascular parameters
Prenatal testosterone exposure and sexual dimorphism; the relationship between second to fourth digit ratio, sexual-orientation and spatial abilities.
(Queen Margaret University, 2015)
Background: second (2D) to fourth (4D) digit ratio is a crude anthropometric index of prenatal testosterone exposure and is a sexually dimorphic trait with men tending to have a lower digit ratio than females. Similarly, the difference between right-hand and left-hand 2D:4D ratios (Dr-l) is sexually dimorphic with males tending to have negative values. Numerous studies have investigated the association between 2D:4D ratios and a range of testosterone balance influenced traits and conditions including spatial ability and sexual-orientation although discrepancies exist within the literature. Objectives: To measure and calculate 2D:4D ratios and (Dr-l) values. Establish whether correlations exist between ratios and sexual orientation and spatial abilities. Methods: 65 volunteers participated in this project. Digit measurements were taken using digital vernier callipers. Ethnicity, hand-dominance and sexual-orientation were established through questionnaires. The Santa Barbra solids test assessed spatial ability. Participants were separated according to gender (males n=26, females n=39) and further sub-grouped with regards to ethnicity, hand-dominance and sexual-orientation. Results: Digit ratios were significantly lower in male right hand ratios and Dr-l values compared to females. Although consistent with regards to gender, ethnicity appeared to be a significant covariate. 2D:4D ratios do not appear to be an index of sexual-orientation or spatial abilities. Conclusion: Right hand 2D:4D ratios and Dr-l values are sexually dimorphic. Demographic limitations may be accountable for the lack of correlation between digit ratios and sexual orientation. There are no correlations between digit ratios and spatial abilities. Key Words: 2D:4D, Dr-l, prenatal testosterone, sexual-orientation, spatial abilities, sexual dimorphism
What effect does the addition of SmartSalt® have upon the important bioactive compounds found in peas when added during cooking?
(Queen Margaret University, 2015)
Background: Evidence indicates that excessive dietary sodium intake is the leading cause of hypertension. 1 in 4 UK individuals now suffer from hypertension, costing the NHS over £2 billion annually. Though it is recommended that adults consume no more than 6g of salt per day, the UK population continue to exceed this recommendation. 15% of the salt consumed by UK individuals is added either during cooking or at the table. Several low-sodium salt alternatives have been developed to help tackle this issue. One such alternative, known as SmartSalt®, contains 40% less sodium than regular table salt; however, no evidence regarding the effect of the addition of SmartSalt® during home cooking currently exists. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the effect of the addition of SmartSalt® (SMS40) during cooking upon the levels of bioactive compounds found in peas. Methods: Frozen peas were prepared by microwaving, boiling, or steaming. Each cooking method was undertaken for each salt variable; these were no salt, 1g table salt, 1g LoSalt, and 1g SmartSalt®. This was conducted on three separate occasions. The resulting cooked peas and cooking water samples were subjected to laboratory analysis in order to determine their levels of antioxidant activity, total phenolics, chlorophyll A and B, and total carotenoids. These results then underwent analysis by one-way ANOVA to determine whether SmartSalt® had had a significant effect on the retention of these bioactive compounds during cooking in comparison to the other salt variables. Results: Following cooking, variations in the peas' bioactive compound concentrations became apparent. The total phenolic concentrations of the cooked peas showed the least variation and were almost identical to that of the untreated peas, indicating that this bioactive compound was better retained than any of the other compounds following cooking. Only one significant difference was found between cooking with SmartSalt® and cooking with any other salt variable; microwaving with SmartSalt® retained a significantly greater level of antioxidant activity than microwaving with no salt (p=0.015). All other significant differences were found within the salt variables, making it difficult to demonstrate the effect of SmartSalt® upon the retention of the peas' bioactive compounds in comparison to that of the differing salts. Conclusions: SmartSalt® only significantly increased the retention of the peas' bioactive compounds in one instance; however, its addition also did not significantly reduce the retention of these compounds. Therefore, it was concluded that SmartSalt® fared no better, nor worse, than any other salt used in the current study in regards to the retention of the bioactive compounds found in peas during cooking. SmartSalt® remains an excellent alternative to regular table salt, which is essential in the effort to combat the UK population's excessive sodium intakes. With further research, and modification of this study's design based on its limitations, the full extent of SmartSalt's® effect upon the retention of the important bioactive compounds present in a number of foods during the cooking process may eventually be demonstrated. Key Words: SmartSalt®, Sodium, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Disease,Hypertension, Phytonutrients.
Investigating the relationship between the 2D:4D digit ratio and respiratory function in young, healthy adults.
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
The prenatal exposure to the sex hormones, testosterone and oestrogen, that are responsible for the second and fourth digit ratio has been widely researched in its positive and negative exertion in different endocrine systems throughout the body. One in particular that has been observed to be influenced by these prenatal sex hormones is the respiratory system. Sex hormones play a major role in an individual's respiratory system and are recognised as influencers in lung function both as a fetus and postnatal. Due to both the 2D:4D digit ratio and lung function being affected by prenatal sex hormones, we hypothesised that, males would have a lower 2D:4D digit ratio than females and that those with a lower 2D:4D digit ratio would have a lower lung function. A total number of 45 Queen Margaret students (13 male, 32 female) aged between 18 and 39 years were recruited. Firstly, the second and fourth digit of their dominant hand was measured using a digital caliper. Secondly, the participant's lung function was measured using a Vitalograph. The results of this study were unsupportive of our original hypothesis, revealing males to have a statistically higher 2D:4D digit ratio in comparison to females (0.975 ± 0.995 vs 0.958 ± 0.026 P=0.03) in this study. The correlation between 2D:4D digit ratio and lung function also revealed no statistical significance in the results of this study with P>0.05. However, the results of this study did uncover that females had a statistically lower VC (4.54 ± 0.95 vs 3.21 ± 1.05, P= 0.0004), FVC (4.59 ± 0.96 vs 3.44 ± 0.91, P= 0.002) and FEV1 (3.83 ± 0.87 vs 3.06 ± 0.66, P= 0.01) than males. As mentioned above, we found females to have a statistically significantly lower 2D:4D digit ratio than men. Although we did not identify a significant correlation between 2D:4D digit ratio and lung function, these findings, that females in this study have a lower lung function and a lower 2D:4D digit ratio, do pose as a potential link between low lung function and low 2D:4D digit ratio as hypothesised. This research has identified the potential use of 2D:4D digit ratio, being used as a non-invasive biomarker for endocrine systems that may be affected by prenatal sex hormone exposure - in particular oestrogen and testosterone. Key words: 2D:4D digit ratio; lung function; prenatal sex hormones; testosterone; oestrogen; fetal lung development; fetal 2D:4D digit development
Antioxidant content of various oils following reaching smoking point.
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
Background: Antioxidants are potent reducing agents which inhibit the oxidative process by neutralising or preventing the formation of reactive oxygen species. To better understand the beneficial effects of antioxidant compounds in the chosen oils it is important to investigate whether these bioactive compounds differ in extra virgin or refined types and how heating influences its level. Objectives: To measure the antioxidant content of oils before and after reaching the smoking point. To measure the total polyphenol content of oils before and after reaching the smoking point. To identify the smoking points of oils. Methods: The antioxidant capacity of different oils is determined using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. The total phenolic content is determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau colourimetric method. The smoking point of each oil is measured by sugar thermometer. Results: Mean antioxidant and polyphenol levels of all oils after reaching the smoking point were higher than before heating. Antioxidant level was higher before heating only for extra virgin olive oil. The total polyphenolic content was higher before heating for extra virgin olive oil, extra virgin coconut oil and coconut oil. Rapeseed oil showed the highest antioxidant level of all oils both before and after cooking what indicates a strong thermal stability. Extra virgin coconut oil showed the lowest antioxidant level of all oils both before and after cooking. Extra virgin olive oil showed the highest polyphenolic content of all oils before and after cooking. The highest smoking point had rapeseed oil and the lowest the extra virgin rapeseed oil. Conclusion: Significant differences in antioxidant and polyphenolic contents were found between oils before and after reaching the smoking point. A strong positive correlation was found between FRAP values and total phenolic content, p < .0005. The mean total antioxidant and polyphenol levels were higher after heating the samples. This suggests that health benefits from antioxidants can be obtained even after reaching smoking point. Key Words: antioxidants, polyphenols, smoking point, oils, FRAP, Folin-Ciocalteau method.
The Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Glucomannan on Plasma Total Cholesterol and Weight in Healthy Women
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
The aim and primary objective of this study was to measure the effects of dietary supplementation with Glucomannan on total plasma cholesterol and weight in healthy women over a 3-week period. The secondary objectives in this study were to measure changes in body composition, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and participant's perceived satiety. Previous studies have failed to examine the effects of Glucomannan on healthy women, giving an appropriate basis on which to conduct this study. In this single-centred, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted at Queen Margaret University Edinburgh, healthy women (n=9) with a body mass index (BMI) of between 18.50kg/m2 and 24.99kg/m2 completed a 3-week period with either 3000mg of Glucomannan per day or 3000mg of Maltodextrin per day (placebo). Participants were encouraged not to change their ordinary diet for the duration of the investigation. After the intervention period there were statistically significant reductions in diastolic blood pressure in the placebo group (p<0.01) with mean -11 ± 4.53 mmHg and in the systolic blood pressure in the Glucomannan group (p<0.05) with mean -7 ± 3.49 mmHg. There were also trends seen in the reduction of weight and cholesterol in the Glucomannan intervention group with means of -0.03 ± 0.28 mmol/L and -0.43 ± 0.5. Compliance was calculated at 85%. No changes in body composition, satiety or diet were observed. No adverse affects were observed. This study concludes that if further research is undertaken and longer intervention periods observed, Glucomannan may represent a rational adjunct to diet therapy in reducing weight and blood pressure in healthy women. Key Words Glucomannan; Weight; Total Plasma Cholesterol; Blood Pressure; Healthy Women
Investigating the relationship between 2D:4D Ratio and Aggression
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
Digit ratio (2D:4D) is calculated by dividing the length of the index finger (second digit, 2D) by the length of the ring finger (fourth digit, 4D). As there is a positive relationship between left length of the fourth digit and the level of prenatal testosterone a foetus is exposed to, men are known to have a longer 4D than 2D, and thus a lower digit ratio. This trait is sexually dimorphic. High levels of testosterone are associated with increased aggression, and thus it was hypothesized that individuals with a low 2D:4D ratio would be more aggressive than those with a high ratio. A negative correlation was expected to be observed between 2D:4D and aggression. Aggression was measured on four scales as well as a total aggression score, though distribution of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Finger length was measured from the tip of the finger to the distal palmar crease in males and females. When data for gender was pooled (N=34), a positive correlation was observed between right hand digit ratio and anger (r=0.399, p=0.019), hostility (r=0.453, p=0.007) and total aggression (r=0.355, p=0.039). A positive correlation was also observed between these variables in an exclusively female population. This research has provided no statistical evidence of a correlation between verbal or physical aggression and 2D:4D ratio in males or females. Results from this study are not consistent with the hypothesis that a low 2D:4D ratio gives a high aggression score. Key Words 2D:4D Ratio; Digit Ratio; Aggression; Buss-Perry Questionnaire; Prenatal Sex Hormones; Testosterone.
Comparison of Drug Knowledge Between Upper Primary and Lower Secondary School Pupils
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
Background: There is a gap in the literature regarding drug education within Scottish Primary and Secondary Schools. Although a wide variety of substances are included in the teaching guidelines of the Curriculum for Excellence; alcohol and tobacco use take main priority. However, illegal drug use at a young age can have serious consequences later on in life and the abuse of legal drugs such as over-the-counter analgesics and prescription medications is becoming a common normality. Aims: To compare the knowledge of upper Primary and lower Secondary school pupils regarding legal and illegal drugs. Design: A self-created questionnaire consisting of 12 quantitative and qualitative questions. Four questions consisted of right and wrong answers regarding legal and illegal drugs, the most abused drug, medical purposes and street names for marijuana to access knowledge, while others related to peer pressure, sources of information and the effects of drugs on day to day life. Results: Secondary school pupils were significantly more able to distinguish between illegal and legal drugs compared to Primary pupils (p<0.001). Both participating groups were unaware that prescription medicines are the second most abused drug. Medicines were known by more Secondary than Primary pupils (p<0.001) but paracetamol and antibiotics were unknown by 9% of Primary participants. Drug knowledge was rated significantly lower for Primary than Secondary school pupils (5 to 7). Further, 94% of Primary school participants thought marijuana was dangerous compared to 63% of Secondary pupils who were more conversant with the street names of marijuana. Participants drug knowledge sources for Primary Verses Secondary show strong significance for parents, teachers and television (p≤0.05) and friends were a higher source of drug knowledge for males compared to females (p≤0.05). Primary school pupils rated peer pressure significantly higher than Secondary (6 to 4) and females are more pressured than males to take drugs from friends (p≤0.05). Secondary school pupils were more aware of all aspects of life drugs can affect (p<0.001) and 63% regarded their drug education as sufficient compared to 43% of Primary Pupils. Conclusion: Secondary school pupils had greater overall drug knowledge compared to Primary school pupils which could be accredited to the different substance topics covered by either classroom or qualified personal and social education teachers. Drug education incorporating both illegal and legal drugs at earlier years may improve knowledge. Schools and parents should encourage parent-child communication regarding drugs rather than unreliable sources. Key Words: Schools, Scotland, Drugs, Education, Knowledge, Awareness
The Antimicrobial Properties of Honey.
(Queen Margaret University, 2017)
Honey has been recognized as an effective antimicrobial agent, being able to combat both gram positive and gram negative bacteria as well as being able to affect strains exhibiting antibiotic resistance. This is due to it containing various naturally occurring substances that alter the environment the bacteria is in to provide an inhospitable growth environment. As a result, it is being considered as a possible topical agent to use in lieu of topical antibiotics which are gradually being met with more resistance. For this experiment, a New Zealand Manuka honey, a Portuguese Carob honey, and a Scottish Heather honey were used. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested alongside these honeys to determine the honeys antimicrobial effect. To investigate the antimicrobial action of the honey, 75% solutions were inoculated with the bacteria and viable plates were counted after incubation. Hypoosmotic shock was examined as a possible mode of action whereby 20% honey solutions inoculated with the bacteria were centrifuged and cells exposed to hypoosmotic shock afterwards before plates were spread and counted. The antimicrobial effects of azelaic acid and possibly synergy between it and the honeys was tested by solutions that did and did not contain azelaic acid were plated and incubated before being counted. Compositional analyses were also carried out on each honey. The results indicate that there is significantly reduced growth in 75% honey solutions compared to TSB controls with the sugar control being anomalous and showing less growth than the honey samples. S. aureus showed more growth than p. aeruginosa, but growth was still heavily reduced. The hypoosmotic shock experiment showed significant results with definitively reduced growth. However, p. aeruginosa showed a higher rate of survival, even showing growth when cultured with the sugar control. The Manuka honey appeared to impact s. aureus the most heavily. The addition of azelaic acid to sub-inhibitory concentrations of honey drastically decreased bacterial growth, showing a complete bactericidal effect when exposed to p. aeruginosa and s. aureus showing highly reduced growth across all samples, TSB and sugar control included. Compositional analyses found a mixture of colours, antioxidant content, total phenolic content, sugar content and pH, but the Carob was the only honey used that did not produce H2O2 despite it not performing any more poorly than the other honeys used.
A Comparison of the Beneficial Effects of Cherry Juice and Strawberry Volvic Water on Cognitive Function.
(Queen Margaret University, 2017)
Background: Cherry juice contains phenolic compounds which have found to have the ability to improve cognitive function and lower the risk the cardiovascular diseases. Objective: The aim was to determine the effects of cherry juice and strawberry Volvic water on cognitive function in healthy young 18-25 aged and older 50-70 years old volunteers. In addition to establish if the cherry juice has an influence on individuals blood pressure. Design: In this single blinded randomized cross-over study, healthy volunteers (n=23) from two age groups: younger adults (n=13) and older adult (n=13) consumed 200ml/day of control juice strawberry Volvic water or an intervention of Cherry Good juice for seven days, with a washout period of seven days. In addition blood pressure measurements also been taken before each cognitive test. Results: Younger adults tend to have higher scores all of the cognitive function tests when comparing with older adult population, however the blood pressure of younger adults is lower than the older adults. Conclusion: These study cognitive function tests results showed that to some extend cherry juice have an influence on the improving the working memory, moreover the blood pressure could be influenced slightly by the cherry juice. Key words: Cherry juice; Cognitive function; Flavonoids; Antioxidants; Blood pressure;
An Intervention Case Study on the Feeding Behaviours and Dietary Intake of Autistic Children
(Queen Margaret University, 2017)
Parents and teachers of special needs children have frequently raised the concern of poor dietary intake, in particular to the population concerning children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Scientific literatures have explored the links of food selectivity and refusal to poor dietary intake, although findings are lacking. Poor nutrition can have negative impacts on health and wellbeing, which is a stark contrast to the aims of the Scottish Governemnt's plan to include Health and Wellbeing in the new Scottish Curriculum. Due to the heterogeneity of the ASD in terms of symptoms, food selectivity and strict mealtime rituals it is very difficult to generalise for the whole population. For this reason, case studies provide a foundation for investigating this heterogeneity and develop theories in how interventions could be developed for each individual child with ASD. Keywords: Autism; Limited Food Repertoire; Nutrition; Dietary Intake; Case Study; Intervention
2D:4D Ratio and its Relation to Aggression in Athletic Students Who Play Contact Sports.
(Queen Margaret University, 2017)
Background: Digit ratio is calculated by dividing the length of the index finger (second digit, 2D) be the length of the ring finger (fourth finger, 4D). Positive relationships have been demonstrated between 2D:4D ratio and the level of testosterone individuals are exposed to prenatally in the womb, which is a sexually dimorphic trait. Aggression is also correlated with 2D:4D ratio, as a biological marker of high prenatal testosterone exposure. As contact-based sport is also associated with aggressiveness, it was hypothesised that a relationship would occur between low digit ratio and aggression in a population of participants involved in contact sport. Methods: A total of 44 QMU undergraduate students (contact n=21, non-contact n=21) participated in this study. All students were asked to complete Buss and Perry's Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Aggression was measured using a 'Total Aggression Score' and on each sub-category of the AQ to include 'Anger', 'Verbal', Hostility' and 'Physical'. Second and fourth digit lengths were measured using digital callipers and the 2D:4D ratio was calculated. Data was recorded on Microsoft Excel and analysed using SPSS. Results: The results revealed a positive correlation with 'Physical' aggression and 2D:4D ratio on the dominant hand in the non-contact sports group (p = 0.04). Results from this study did reveal there was no significance in aggression scores between groups however there was a trend indicating that the contact sports group exhibit higher aggression levels. Discussion: In part, these results do strengthen the use of 2D:4D as a predictor for the effects of testosterone in utero and human behaviour, particularly for 'Physical' aggression. Although the results are not consistent with the hypothesis that the contact sports group would reveal correlations between low digit ratio and aggressiveness. Key Words: 2D:4D Ratio; Aggression; Testosterone; Prenatal Sex Hormones; Buss and Perry Questionnaire
The relationship between 2D:4D ratio and aggression among individuals participating in contact sports.
(Queen Margaret University, 2017)
Background: Connections have been made between the relative lengths of the index and ring fingers, known as the 2D:4D ratio, to prenatal testosterone exposure. The lower the digit ratio presents in adulthood should indicate that an individual was subjected to a higher concentration of testosterone while in the womb. Furthermore increased testosterone has also been linked to an increase in aggression, so it has been hypothesised that more aggressive individuals should have smaller 2D:4D ratios. It has been suggested that individuals who participate in more aggressive forms of sports such as those with a certain level of contact intensity, should display a higher level of aggression generally. Therefore it is expected that participants of contact sports should not only demonstrate higher aggression levels, but also possess lower 2D:4D ratios to signify this. Aim: To determine whether the 2D:4D ratio indicates heightened aggression levels in students participating in contact sports Methodology: Electronic callipers were used to measure the second and fourth digits from both hands of 44 volunteers, split equally among those who did or did not participate in a contact sport. Participants were then asked to fill in a Buss Perry (1992) aggression questionnaire. Results: There was no significant differences observed between either the 2D:4D ratios (contact: 1.00±0.03mm; non-contact: 0.99±0.03mm; p=0.44) or the aggression levels (contact: 77.05±21.86; non-contact: 71.45±16.24; p=0.35) between the contact and non-contact groups. There was also no significant correlation between the 2D:4D ratio and aggression when groups were considered separately (contact: r=-0.04, p=0.85; non-contact: r=-0.06, p=0.80) nor together (r=-0.03, p=0.842). Significance was taken as p<0.05. Conclusions: There were no significant differences between either the aggression levels or digit ratios of contact and non-contact university students. Also no significant correlations could be seen from the overall 2D:4D ratios and aggression levels of either the contact or non-contact participants. The results from this study are not consistent with the hypotheses that participants of contact sports display higher aggression, nor that the 2D:4D ratio reflects aggression. Key words: 2D:4D ratio; testosterone; aggression; contact sports; Buss Perry questionnaire.
A Comparison of Drug Knowledge Between Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary School Pupils.
(Queen Margaret University, 2017)
Background: The Curriculum for Excellence, the current national curriculum implemented in Scottish schools, offers little in the way of drug education. Choosing primarily to focus on alcohol and tobacco misuse, the framework fails in delivering a broader and comprehensive drug education syllabus to pupils at every level of schooling. Secondary school pupils, and adolescents in general, are a particularly vulnerable and impressionable group of individuals. Therefore it is essential for them to be equipped with up to date and reliable information about drugs. Research, in the area, links several factors to adolescent and long term drug abuse. Some of these factors include early contact with drugs, peer pressure, neglectful parenting style, socio-economic background, and overall lack of drug knowledge. Whilst incidence of adolescent drug use is decreasing, in 2013, drug misuse incidents cost NHS England approximately £488 million. Thus, it is still considered a critical public health issue. Adolescent drug knowledge, of UK pupils, is an area of research which is decidedly scarce. Objectives: To compare, at what level, secondary school pupils, know more about legal, illegal, and addictive drugs, the social implications of taking drugs, and what is missing when it comes to their own drug education. Specifically those who are in lower and upper secondary school. Design: Prospective schools, North Berwick High School (lower secondary) and Carnoustie High School (upper secondary), were first contacted by email. Schools were given a brief overview of aims and objectives in order to verify their participation. A questionnaire was then developed, based on previous research, consisting of 18 qualitative and quantitative questions presented in various formats. Questionnaires were sent to both schools and adapted based upon feedback, participation from schools was confirmed. Information sheets, parent, guardian, and participant assent forms were sent to schools and consent was sought. Questionnaires were then delivered to pupils by a designated teacher. Upon completion, questionnaire data was collated and analysed using independent samples t-test for parametric data and an independent samples Mann-Whitney test for non-parametric data. A total of 63 questionnaires were completed. Males accounting for 43% and females accounting for 57% of study population. Results: Significant differences were observed in the level of knowledge between lower and upper secondary school pupils with regard to identifying illegal (p = .002), legal (p = .015), and addictive drugs (p = .000002). Upper secondary school pupils displaying greater knowledge over all three aspects. Pupil's in upper secondary school also believed legal highs to be significantly more dangerous than pupils in lower secondary school (p = .001). Significantly more females believed medicinal drugs to be completely safe (p = .027) when compared to males. Conclusion: Upper secondary school pupils appear to exhibit a greater knowledge and understanding of drugs. There is inconclusive evidence to suggest that gender is a variable of drug knowledge. The Curriculum for Excellence drug education programme could be reviewed to ensure that pupils of all years, and ages, maintain an adequate level of drug knowledge throughout their school career. Future research should apply longitudinal study formats to obtain greater understanding of changing adolescent perceptions, behaviours, and knowledge of drugs. Keywords: drug knowledge, drug education, secondary school, adolescents.
The Effect of fresh sage tincture (Salvia Officinalis) on cognitive function and vascular function in university students aged 18-30.
(Queen Margaret University, 2017)
Background: Salvia Officinalis (sage) has been used for centuries as a medicinal plant. Recently, it has become the centre of research as a natural memory enhancer of particular interest for treatment of diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease. It is also known that it contains polyphenols which have strong antioxidant effects and can be used to present cardiovascular disease. However it is not known whether the effects of sage can have prolonged beneficial effects. Aims/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of fresh sage tincture on cognitive function on university students aged 18-30 via the use of three cognitive tests, the Stroop (colour word) task, and immediate word recall and number sequence test. Vascular function was also assessed via Pulse Wave Velocity, Augmentation Index, blood pressure and height and weight. Methods: Eight participants were recruited (aged 18-30) and received fresh sage tablets (Menoforce® 51g tablets) which of they were to take one daily for 14 days. Assessment of cognitive function involved the three cognitive tests that assessed different aspects of memory at study days 0, 1, 7 and 14. Height and weight were measured before cardiovascular parameters which were also measured on study days which included systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, pulse wave velocity and augmentation index. The results were then statistically analysed. Results: Sage significantly reduced time taken to complete Stroop (colour word) test (p<0.05) with further effects seen on the number sequence test where the length of numbers remembered over time increases although not significantly. Decreases were seen in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse wave velocity. Trends in augmentation index and heart rate seem to be very similar as the both increase and decrease at the same points. Conclusion: The findings of the study do support previous results that Salvia Officinalis can work significantly as a memory enhancer on processing memory long term, with further effects seen on working memory. Polyphenol content may be what contributes to a reduction in Pulse Wave Velocity, Augmentation Index, Blood Pressure and Heart Rate. There could be many mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of sage, so further studies should be aimed at what constitutes in particular are causing the cognitive enhancing effects and the improvement in vascular function. Key words: Sage, Cognitive function, Antioxidants, Pulse Wave Velocity, Blood Pressure