BSc (Hons) Applied Pharmacology

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/7254

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The Effect of Curcumin on Exercise Induced Oxidative Stress and Hypertension.
(Queen Margaret University, 2015)
Background - Many studies have been conducted in order to determine the antioxidant properties of curcumin on exercise induced oxidative stress and hypertension. By analysing the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of curcumin, researchers have hypothesised that the supplement, given at a high enough dose, has the ability to lower oxidative stress and high blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. Objectives - This study was carried out to investigate the effects of curcumin supplementation on exercise induced oxidative stress and BP in comparison to a placebo. The effects were measured through determination of antioxidants, polyphenols and lipid peroxidation, by analysing whether an increase in antioxidants would lower blood pressure and lipid peroxidation. Physical activity was investigated through assessing the effect curcumin would have on distance completed after a 30 minute run, before and after intervention. Methods - A randomized parallel placebo-controlled study was carried out to assess the effects of 500mg dose of curcumin on 20 healthy volunteers. The study took place for 11 days, 8 of which the participants were required to give three 24 hour urine samples; run for 30 minutes on day 2 and day 9 and take either curucmin supplement or placebo. Research was carried out through analysis of 24 hour urine samples, to detect the presence of oxidative stress markers. Blood pressure readings were taken as a baseline measurement, before and after the 30 minute run, with a final reading being taken on the last day of the trial. Laboratory analysis was carried out via FRAP assay, total phenols (Folins method) and TBARS assay. Results - No significant change was observed between basal and final systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements in either intervention group however, a decrease in mean values was seen in the curucmin group (119.6 ± 12.7 to 114.9 ± 11.5) from basal to final measurements. A significant increase was witnessed in antioxidant concentrations pre and post intervention in the curcumin group (p=0.004). Similarly, polyphenol concentrations also increased however no statistical significance was obtained. TBARS assay detected a significant increase in lipid peroxidation in the curcumin group, post-intervention, indicating the presence of oxidative stress. Conclusion - This study concludes that curcumin possesses antioxidant properties which have proven to reduce hypertension caused by strenuous exercise. In depth analysis allowed us to detect an increase in antioxidants and polyphenols, which in turn resulted in a decrease in blood pressure, post intervention. With regards to oxidative stress, we are not fully aware as to why lipid peroxidation increased after the eight day intervention however; this provides indication that further research is required to assess the effects of curucmin on oxidative stress. Keywords - Hypertension, oxidative stress, curcumin, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation
The effect of Vitamin D supplementation on Cardiovascular Disease risk factors and exercise performance
(Queen Margaret University, 2015)
Background: Accumulating evidence suggests a strong association between vitamin D status and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and exercise performance. Vitamin D deficiency promotes CVD risk factors including blood pressure (BP), arterial stiffness, oxidative stress and excessive cortisol levels. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency has been linked with receded exercise performance. However, studies investigating the effects of daily vitamin D supplementation on CVD risk factors and exercise performance are limited. Objectives: To assess the effects of 2000IU (50μg) vitamin D3 supplementation on CVD risk factors including BP, oxidative stress, arterial stiffness and cortisol levels and exercise performance. Methods: A randomised single blinded parallel study in which 13 normotensive subjects were randomly assigned to receive 2000IU (50μg) vitamin D3 supplementation or placebo for 14 days. BP and Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) were obtained at baseline, day 7 and day 14 of intervention. Oxidative stress and cortisol levels were measured through 24 hour urine collections at the beginning and end of intervention. Exercise performance was measured at baseline and day 14 of intervention using a bike ergometer in which BP and PWV was measured before and after exercise. The distance cycled in 20 minutes was recorded and Borg rate of exertion scale was used. Results: CVD risk factors were improved as systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly reduced from 115.35±17.01mmHg at baseline to 106.31±10.88mmHg (p=0.050) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was also significantly reduced from 79.12±13.76mmHg at baseline to 66.25±11.69mmHg (p= 0.012) post vitamin D supplementation. A small but non-significant reduction was noted in pulse wave velocity (PWV) in vitamin D subjects (p=0.085). Urine analysis showed no change in oxidative stress levels (p=0.690) but a significant reduction in urinary cortisol levels was noted as it reduced from 129.47±32.06μM at baseline to 105.79±37.42μM (p=0.029) in vitamin D subjects. However, no significant change in cortisone levels and cortisol/cortisone ratio was observed with vitamin D supplementation (p= 0.310, 0.514 respectively). Exercise performance was improved as SBP post exercise was significantly reduced from 128.23±14.67mmHg at baseline to 117.45±8.62mmHg after vitamin D supplementation. DBP was also reduced from 75.20±8.35mmHg at baseline to 70.12±7.28mmHg in vitamin D subjects. Vitamin D supplementation had no effect on PWV after exercise. Distance cycled in 20 minutes was significantly increased from baseline 4.98±2.65km to 6.51±2.28km (p=0.020) and Borg rate of exertion scale was significantly reduced from 5.13±1.36RPE to 4.25±0.71RPE (P= 0.021) with vitamin D supplementation. In placebo, no effect on CVD risk factors and exercise performance was observed. Conclusion: Two week supplementation of 2000IU (50μg) of vitamin D has the potential to modify the CVD risk factors BP and cortisol. Vitamin D supplementation also effectively improves markers of exercise performance. However, the effects of short term vitamin D supplementation on other markers of CVD remains unanswered, thus more large scale studies are required. Keywords: Vitamin D, cardiovascular disease, exercise performance, blood pressure, oxidative stress, arterial stiffness
The effect of L-citrulline ingestion on cardiovascular function
(Queen Margaret University, 2015)
Background: there has been evidence that has suggested that the L-citrulline is readily converted to L- arginine, as the main substrate for nitric oxide (NO) production, thus enhancing the NO levels has shown to improve endothelial dysfunction and thereby improving arterial compliance. There also have been suggestions that dietary supplementations with L-citrulline can apply hypotensive effect upon blood pressure (BP). Objective: To measure any changes that have been observed in blood pressure and that have been caused by the intervention, also to see the short-range effects of ˪-citrulline supplementation on vascular endothelial function in healthy individuals. Methods: The pilot study followed a randomized, single blinded control trial design. Sixteen healthy, normotensive subjects were given either 1.5g/day ˪-citrulline supplements or placebo for two weeks. BP and haemodynamic parameters of pulse wave velocity (PWV), heart rate (HR) and augmentation index (AIx) were measured at baseline and after completion of Heat Presser Test (HPT) pre and post intervention. Results: There where changes that have been observed between the SBP and DBP between the intervention and placebo groups, as there was (P<0.05) for the sympathetic release and time after the two weeks period. Although there were no changes to the haemodynamic parameters found between the intervention and placebo group pre and post-HPT. Conclusion: The short-term supplementation of L- citrulline have shown to have an effect on the BP or arterial compliance pre or post- HPT. As there were not any significant findings found on the haemodynamic parameters, but managing to find trends showing that there L-citrulline had an effect on the cardiovascular response pre and post HPT. There is room for further research in regards to determining the dose-response relationship between ˪-citrulline supplementation and arterial haemodynamic changes in both healthy individuals and those with CVD individuals. Keywords: L-citrulline, nitric oxide, cold pressor test, arterial compliance, pulse wave velocity
The relationship between 2D:4D digit ratio and pulmonary function.
(Queen Margaret University, 2015)
The effects of curcumin on cardiovascular disease risk factors and exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy volunteers.
(Queen Margaret University, 2015)
Background: Evidence suggests that dietary supplementation of curcumin can strengthen the body's antioxidant defence mechanism through its numerous putative therapeutic properties. The molecular action of curcumin is thought to be protective with regards to cardiovascular disease risk factors and exercise-induced oxidative stress. Objective: To investigate the short term effects of curcumin on cardiovascular disease risk factors and exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy individuals. Methods: A randomised, single blinded, placebo controlled, parallel study design was directed. Eighteen healthy normotensive volunteers were given either 500mg/day curcumin (n=11) or placebo (n=7) for 8 days. Participants were asked to run for thirty minutes, both before and after supplementation as well as providing three urine samples: at baseline, first run (baseline) and last run (intervention). Blood pressure was taken at baseline, before and after both running sessions and post-intervention, whereas pulse wave velocity was only measured at baseline and post-intervention. 24 hour-recall diet diaries were also analysed pre and post intervention. Results: No significant changes were observed in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse wave velocity and physical activity parameters between curcumin and placebo groups (p>0.05) at baseline and post-intervention. However trends were apparent in the curcumin supplementation group. Similarly, trends were observed in polyphenol and lipid peroxidation concentrations. However, the antioxidant capacity was significantly increased after curcumin supplementation (p=0.004). Conclusion: Short term curcumin supplementation had no significant effect on blood pressure, arterial stiffness and exercise performance. As well as cardiovascular health markers, no significant effects were observed on polyphenol and lipid peroxidation concentrations. However, trends of the beneficial effects of curcumin supplementation were seen in these measured parameters. Curcumin supplementation did however indicate a positive increase in antioxidant capacity. Although still unclear, these trends suggest that further research with regards to limitations, may incline results towards presenting statistically significant effects of curcumin on cardiovascular risk factors and exercise-induced oxidative stress in both healthy individuals and those with cardiovascular disease. Key Words: curcumin, blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, oxidative stress, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, polyphenol.
Analysis of the Mineral Content of Venison and Beef and Assessing Consumer Taste preferences
(Queen Margaret University, 2015)
Background: Evidence over the last few decades' shows obesity has been gradually increasing world wide. The importance of a healthy diet low in fat with an emphasis on exercise has been highlighted to individuals to combat this disease. To achieve a healthier diet swapping some foods for healthier alternatives have been recommended usually on the grounds of the diets fat content. Another health issues affecting the world population is mineral deficiencies e.g. Iron deficiency. When swapping foods for healthier alternatives choosing foods that are rich in minerals could decrease the incidence of mineral deficiencies. Venison has long been thought of as a niche product and not as popular as other red meats. Evidence has shown venison to be a leaner red meat due to its lower fat content compared to others such as beef. This study will investigate if people like the taste of venison and how does venison's mineral content compare to beef. This will ascertain if venison can be considered a viable option for people to swap over too. Objective: To investigate the mineral content of venison and beef to ascertain if swapping to venison from beef is a healthier option, while assessing consumer taste preferences. Methods: A consumer taste preference pilot study was carried out first. The main consumer taste preference study used the single blind randomised control tasting method using 21 subjects that recorded their results on a sensory questionnaire. The mineral content of venison raw (N=3), cooked (N=3) and beef raw (N=3) and cooked (N=3) were calculated by reducing samples to ash via ashing oven, and then using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICPE). Results: The most important attributes when buying meat were overall liking, flavour intensity and nutritional content. The flavour intensity attribute of venison over beef was preferred P= 0.01. The Overall liking attribute of venison over beef was preferred with P=0.008. 71% of subjects would choose venison over beef. Raw venison vs raw beef had a significant difference in Iron P=.038, Potassium P=.027 and Sodium P=.001. Cooked venison vs cooked beef had significant difference in potassium P=.025 and sodium P=.014. No significant difference was found in iron. Raw beef vs cooked beef had significant difference in potassium P=0.001. The sodium to potassium ratio in venison was 16.82% that was higher than the beef sodium to potassium at 4.98%. Conclusion: There were a significant difference in Iron, Potassium, and Sodium in raw venison vs raw beef although iron lost its significance in the cooked meat category. Iron is an important mineral for the human body especially in those who are iron deficient. Venison is a good source of Iron just not significantly high enough to justify swapping from beef to it. The higher concentration of potassium and sodium in venison doesn't necessarily equate to health benefits as too little or too much of these minerals can cause health problems. The study population enjoyed the venison making it a viable meat option however the health benefits would come from its lesser fat content that previous studies have found. Further research could provide useful with different cooking methods but initially this study suggests no health benefits by way of its mineral contents to justify swapping beef for venison. Keywords: venison, beef, minerals, iron, potassium, sodium,
The Effect of Stevia consumption on the stress hormone, cortisol, BP and anthropometric
(Queen Margaret University, 2015)
Background: Stevia is a natural sourced sugar substitute containing steviol glycoside that is known to be 300 times sweeter than sucrose. It is thought to have several beneficial properties however some research evidence state it may have detrimental effects. Objectives: To investigate the beneficial or potential harmful effects of stevia consumption compared to a placebo on the stress hormone levels cortisol, BP and anthropometrical markers in healthy volunteers. Methodology: A crossover placebo controlled study that involved 12 volunteers randomly assigned to consume either Stevia or a placebo (sugar) for a week and then swap treatments. The measurements for each participant were attained on three different occasions and each volunteer was given a 3 day washout period before baseline measurements and in between interventions. Results: The ratio of cortisone: cortisol decreased from baseline to placebo in participant's urine, however it was not significant as the p value= 0.582. The cortisol levels in saliva at baseline and after each intervention were reduced. However there was no significant results shown for cortisone and cortisol levels in saliva as p value =0.364. The mean weight 74.8 ± 16.6 had reduced slightly from basal following stevia intervention and then had increased from stevia to placebo intervention. The systolic BP mean 113.9 ± 14.1 increased to 115.2±13.9 during the stevia intervention (p=0.689). The diastolic BP mean 70.6±11.6 has slightly increased to 73.5±12.7 during stevia intervention (p =0.222). Conclusion: Stevia slightly decreased weight/BMI and increase systolic and diastolic BP after stevia intervention, however no results were significant. In urine samples cortisone and cortisol levels increase however in saliva samples cortisone and cortisol levels decreased. Therefore Stevia could possibly have beneficial properties in reducing weight in individuals.
The Effects of Cinnamon Tea on Postprandial Blood Glucose Levels
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
Background and Aim: Multiple studies have previously showed that cinnamon has an effect on postprandial blood glucose levels. Cinnamon can reduce postprandial blood glucose levels which could be beneficial to diabetics and those with hyperglycaemia. Studies have also shown that cinnamon has high levels of antioxidants, which can help with oxidative stress that may be caused by obesity and reduce cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the aim is to show the effect of cinnamon tea on postprandial glucose levels on non-diabetic individuals. Study: Eighteen non-diabetic individuals from QMU over 18 years old were recruited. They were randomized into 2 groups, control - oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and water; and intervention group - OGTT and cinnamon tea. Blood glucose levels were taken 10 hours after fasting then 30, 60 and 90 minutes after drinking the OTTG and water or cinnamon tea. A sample from each tea was frozen for analysis of total polyphenols by Folin's method and antioxidants by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. Results: The postprandial blood glucose levels were not significant at 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes between cinnamon tea and water as P > 0.05 Folin's method showed that cinnamon tea had a significant difference in total polyphenols in comparison to the control (P = 0.003). There was a significant difference in antioxidant levels when comparing cinnamon tea and water through the FRAP method (P = 0.006). The significance was taken to be < 0.05. Conclusion: The current study showed that cinnamon tea has no significant effect on blood glucose levels at any time point. However, the current study showed that the cinnamon tea had a high volume of antioxidants which were significantly higher than those found in the control. Although the current study demonstrated that cinnamon tea had no effect on blood glucose levels there are multiple studies that conflict these results. Key words: cinnamon, blood glucose, antioxidants, diabetes
Antimicrobial Properties of Honey
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
Background: Many countries and cultures worldwide use honey as a medicinal remedy to treat a variety of burns and wound infections. Over the years, research has provided evidence of the increasing antimicrobial properties exerted from specific honeys. A number of factors such as pH, colour, polyphenol and antioxidant levels, % sugar content and H2O2 content are all believed to contribute to these antimicrobial properties, as well as the floral and geographical origins of the honey. As such, the most widely researched honey, Manuka honey, has been highlighted as a prime example of a honey that exerts powerful antimicrobial properties in inhibiting the growth of infectious bacteria. Aims and Objectives: In the present study, the aim was to investigate he antimicrobial properties of a selection of honeys against wound infecting bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The biochemical composition would also be investigated alongside the antibacterial properties of honey in combination with antibiotics. Finally, the antibacterial properties of a recently discovered diacid isolate from honey would also be explored. Methods: The antimicrobial properties of the honeys were investigated after 24 and 48 hours incubation through the use of a serial broth dilution assay. Viable counts were then made. The compositional analysis of honey was carried out using the appropriate measures - pH strips for pH, Ciocalteau and Folin method for polyphenol content, FRAP assay for antioxidant capacity and Refractometer for sugar content. A qualitative analysis was carried out for the levels of H2O2 produced. Results: Initial screening identified Chestnut and Kashmir honey as the most antimicrobial out of the six samples tested. Manuka honey remained in the study as a positive control. Significant reduction in bacteria growth was observed with the three honeys after both 24 and 48 hours incubation (P<0.0001) compared to a TSB growth control. Chestnut honey was identified as the strongest honey out of the three and it was included in further investigation compared to a negative sugar control. After 24 hours and 48 hours incubation, Chestnut honey caused significant decrease in bacteria growth compared to the sugar control (P<0.05). Conclusion: Many factors contribute to the antimicrobial properties of honey and the importance of all factors has been indicated throughout this study. A synergistic relationship is suggested between honey and antibiotics and the inhibitory action of the diacid isolate is also apparent. Further investigation can be carried out on different honeys against different strains of bacteria. The opportunity for further investigation into the action of antibiotics with honey and the action of the diacid isolate is also open. Keywords: Honey, bacteria, antioxidants, polyphenols, antimicrobial, growth inhibition.
Investigating the antibacterial properties of a range of honeys
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are commonly found to infect wounds, developing tolerance to conventional antibiotic treatment and hindering recovery. Recent research investigates the antimicrobial properties of honeys to combat these pathogens. These properties largely vary according to the composition of honey and many conditions surrounding production which affect the end product. This study analysed the composition and assessed the antibacterial activity 5 locally available honeys. Manuka honey was used as a positive control as its use in topical treatments has been documented. Antimicrobial activity of honey samples were tested via broth culture assay and antibiotic enhancement and compared to controls at 75% concentration. The analysis measured pH, sugar content, presence of hydrogen peroxide, antioxidant capacity and total phenolic count. Selected honeys in the broth culture assay were found to be the most effective in the following: Manuka=Chestnut>Kashmir. Chestnut and Kashmir significantly (p<0.05) increased the zone of inhibition of antibiotics on multiple occasions, though insignificantly (p<0.05) more than Manuka honey. Greater inhibition of growth was found by selected honeys against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the antimicrobial assays. A correlation (r=0.64) was found between the total phenolic count and antioxidant capacity strongly (r=0.81) between sugar and pH. Color also positively related to the antioxidant capacity. Hydrogen peroxide was detected in the majority of honey samples. From the selected honeys Chestnut and Kashmir had similar antibacterial activity to Manuka, though composition varied. Key words: Honey, Antibacterial, Inhibition, Composition, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa
The Effect of Beetroot Extract on Power Output during Submaximal Exercise.
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
Beetroot is a natural source of nitrate which has shown to be an effective ergogenic aid through its effect on pulmonary vasculature and muscle metabolism, positively increasing an individual's athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a six day consecutive ingestion period of beetroot extract supplement would improve athletic performance during a submaximal cycling test in individuals of varying fitness levels. Nine participants were recruited to perform a submaximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer for fifteen minutes with power output recorded for the last three minutes of the test. The participants' resting blood pressure, resting heart rate, active blood pressure and Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion value were also recorded. In this cross-over, placebo-controlled study participants were randomly assigned to either a placebo (vitamin C) or beetroot extract group, performing the exercise tests over a three-week duration including a one week no supplementation interval to allow for a wash out period. Results demonstrated a significant increase in mean power output by 17% (P = 0.017) compared with baseline measurements in the beetroot extract supplementation group. Moreover, resting systolic blood pressure was also significantly reduced by 7.5% (P = 0.001) after the beetroot extract supplementation compared to baseline measurements. Resting heart rate and active blood pressure did not differ significantly after the intervention. This study provides evidence that six-days of beetroot extract supplementation positively affects athletic performance in individuals of varying fitness levels. Keywords: Beetroot extract, Submaximal exercise, Power output, Nitrate (NO3-), Nitric oxide (NO)
The relationship between 2D: 4D ratio and respiratory function in young, healthy adults
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
Background: 2D: 4D digit ratio can be used as a marker for exposure to pre-natal testosterone and is a sexually dimorphic trait, with males having a longer ring finger relative to their index finger, known as a low 2D: 4D ratio and females having a high 2D: 4D ratio. Objectives: To measure 2D: 4D ratio using a digital caliper and measure lung function using a vitalograph to investigate if there is a correlation between 2D: 4D ratio and lung function. Methods: 43 volunteers participated in this project and allowed finger length, height and lung function to be measured. Each participant completed a short questionnaire. Volunteers were separated into groups of males (n=13), female (n=30), Caucasian (n=37) and Non-Caucasian (n=6). Results: Mean digit ratio was higher in males (0.974) than females (0.958). Male lung function test values were also higher VC Actual (4.12), FEV Actual (4.23), FEV1 (3.63) and FVC/FEV1 (87%) than female lung function test values VC Actual (3.61), FEV Actual (3.79), FEV1 (3.29) and FVC/FEV1 (88%). Mean digit ratio for Caucasian group was higher (0.963) than non-Caucasian group (0.959). Caucasian group showed greater lung function VC Actual (3.83), FEV Actual (3.98), FEV1 (3.43) and FVC/FEV1 (88%) than non-Caucasian group VC Actual (2.23), FEV Actual (2.63), FEV1 (2.45) and FVC/FEV1 (93%). Conclusion: No significant correlation between 2D: 4D digit ratio and lung function was found. Significant differences were found between height and lung function. Low digit ratio was related to a decreased lung function in participants. This suggests that 2D: 4D ratio may be a predictor of pulmonary function and therefore is reflective of prenatal androgen exposures among individuals.
A Comparison of Drug Knowledge between Upper Primary and Lower Secondary School Pupils in Scotland.
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
Drug abuse is fast developing into a global epidemic costing governments' billions annually. In Europe alone, it is estimated that for every drug induced death, there are twenty to twenty-five non-fatal overdose cases still contributing to the overall morbidity (UNODC 2014). Scotland specifically has been viewed as having the highest population of people using illegal drugs (EMCDDA 2012). The problem is exponentially growing among adolescents and hence measures have to be put into place to tackle the issue. One such method as to how this problem can be solved is through providing adequate education to adolescents on the topic. This study was carried out to compare levels of knowledge primary and secondary school pupils in Scotland have on the use and abuse of drugs, the key objective being to determine whether drug education should be given at a younger age in order to prevent abuse later in life. A self-designed questionnaire was developed to compare this knowledge and distributed to seven schools throughout the country where a total of 246 responses were obtained. The key findings showed that secondary participants scored higher in knowledge-based questions, 24.4% scored full marks in one question compared to 9.4% of primary respondents (p = 0.001). However, they have more alarming perceptions on drugs such as split numbers on whether marijuana was dangerous with 63.7% thinking it was compared with 92.5% of primary respondents perceiving the drug as a potential danger (p = 0.001). The majority of both groups could also not identify that certain illicit drugs are used in some aspects of medicine. An interesting discovery within the study was that the younger primary school participants felt they did not receive enough education (58.5% of respondents), which highlights the need for drug education to be given at a younger age. Many organisations believe that providing adequate levels of information on drugs and how they impact on life will reduce this epidemic (The United Kingdom Focal Point on Drugs 2014; Popescu 2015; NIDA 2016). Findings from this study would support this idea, as it is clear that in Scotland those in secondary school are receiving more thorough drug education in comparison to those in primary school. However, the problem of drug abuse in adolescents is still persistent therefore more drug education needs to be delivered to primary school children as the younger it is given, the less likely they will be to abuse later in life (Guo et al. 2014). As well as this, secondary school pupils should also obtain a more wide-ranged drug education programme aimed at problems which are specific to their generation such as the abuse of marijuana. Keywords: drug knowledge, drug education, adolescents, Scotland
The relationship between 2D:4D ratio and respiratory function in young, healthy adults
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
The aim of this study was to establish a link between the ratio of the lengths of the second and fourth digits of an individual's dominant hand and Lung function in young healthy adults. A total of 43 university students were recruited to this study from Queen Margaret University, for each participant the index and ring fingers were measured, height was taken and Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) were measured using a vitalograph. Data was then analysed using a Pearson's correlation test which found poor correlations in original sample between Digit ratio and lung function tests (r= 0.141 (P > 0.05)). Height (cm) showed very strong correlations towards Lung function tests (e.g. Males r= 0.509 (P . 0.05). Paired T-tests revealed trends in the data samples, these trends showed males presented less significant differences between their predicted lung function values and their actual measured values, in addition, individuals who had a high level of exercise as part of their lifestyle also showed less difference in their results. Findings from this study indicate some correlation between digit ratio and lung function however these correlations are not statistically significant due to the multitude of factors that affect this relationship. The results revealed that increased exercise improved lung function.
The Antimicrobial Activity and Biochemical Composition of Manuka, Chestnut, Kashmir, Hadramy, Acacia and Blossom Honey Agianst S. Aureus and P. Aeruginosa
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
Antibiotic resistance recently demanded search for alternative antimicrobial compounds, as excessive use of available antibiotics is linked with making the problem worst. Honey's antimicrobial property and activity, which were well known for a long time, has rekindled interest for the therapeutic application of honey in the treatment of bacterial infection. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are important clinical pathogens involved in skin and wound infections worldwide. It is therefore imperative to find effective antimicrobial agents against these pathogens. This study was undertaken to assess the antimicrobial activity and composition of a range of honeys including Chestnut, Kashmir, Hadramy, Acacia and Blossom honey. Putative synergistic activity of honey was investigated using antibiotic discs including Ampicillin (AP), Chloramphenicol (C), Penicillin G (PG), Streptomycin (S), Sulphatriad (ST), Tetracycline (T) and Azaleic acid. Manuka honey was used in the study for comparative purposes. The honeys were tested at 75% concentration (w/v) and compared with a sterile Tryptone soy broth (TSB) control solution. The biochemical composition was determined by measuring: polyphenol content by Folin Ciocalteau method, antioxidant capacity by ferric ion reducing power assay, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by catalase test, pH and sugar content by pH strips and refractometer, respectively. Using broth culture method, Chestnut, Kashmir and Manuka honey 75% concentration inhibited the growth of both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa at 24 hours (p≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference between the inhibition of both bacteria by Chestnut and Manuka honey (p≥ 0.05). One or more honey increased the zone of inhibition for at least one antibiotic disc (p≤ 0.05). Acacia and Chestnut honey combination with Azaleic acid significantly reduced the growth of both bacteria in broth at 24 hours (p ≤ 0.05). Dark colour honeys were found to contain the highest level of polyphenol and antioxidants. All honeys were acidic with an average pH of 4.5±0.5 SD and all have a high sugar content of more than 75%. Except for Blossom honey, all the honeys tested positive for the production of H2O2. Keywords: Honey, Bacteria, Antimicrobial, Biochemical, Activity, Time
The effects of glucomannan on postprandial plasma glucose levels following a fast in young, healthy females
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
Cardiovascular disease is a deadly condition that is increasing in the UK and throughout the world. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a cardiovascular risk factor with the potential to be extremely harmful to a patient whether or not the patient develops cardiovascular disease. The dietary fibre konjac glucomannan, isolated from the Asian konjac plant, has been indicated as a beneficial treatment for a range of cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes when supplemented into an individual's diet. This research focused on the use of glucomannan as a means of affecting plasma glucose levels (the glycaemic response), particularly the glucose "spike", following a meal. Healthy, young females were recruited to take part in an acute study; a clinical trial consisting of two visit days a week apart. Following 10-12 hour fast, the participants' blood glucose levels were measured, followed by consumption of a test meal with either glucomannan supplement or cornstarch placebo. Glucose measurements were then recorded every 20 minutes over 2 hours. The results did not yield a statistically significant outcome when comparing the blood glucose spike peaks obtained 20 minutes after meal consumption (p=0.08). However, it may be argued that a 1 mmol/L reduction in blood glucose is clinically significant and indicates that konjac glucomannan has the potential to positively affect blood glucose levels, decreasing the risk of development and/or progression of type 2 diabetes. This suggests that the fibre could be an effective tool in the management of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which warrants further study in this field. Keywords: Cardiovascular; Diabetes; Fibre; Glucomannan; Glucose; Spike
In Utero Androgen Exposure & Aggression
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
Various research studies have indicated a smaller second (2D) to fourth digit (4D) ratio in males compared to females. Testosterone levels have been determined in utero by observation of the length of the fourth digit, whereas length of the second digit can be discovered by the volume of oestrogen found in the placenta and foetal ovaries in females. Several sources have indicated the 2D: 4D ratio being connected to aggressive traits in the population. Aim: To determine whether there is a relationship between aggressive behaviour as assessed by the Buss-Perry questionnaire and in utero testosterone exposure using measurements of 2D: 4D ratio as a surrogate marker. Methodology: Measurements of 2D: 4D ratios were taken from 34 healthy individuals using electronic callipers on both left and right hands. The participants were then given questions, regarding age, sex, dominant hand, participation in competitive sports, and were additionally asked to complete the Buss-Perry questionnaire. Results: Males had higher 2D: 4D ratios (1.01±0.04) and aggression scores (79.23±14.15) than females (1.00±0.04 and 69.29±18.93 respectively). There was no correlation between overall 2D: 4D and aggression, this was proved after using a Pearsons correlation test (r = 0.20 and p>0.05). Conclusions: Aggression scores were higher in males than females. Males were found to have higher second to fourth digit ratios however, no significance was found between 2D: 4D ratio and aggression. Key Words: Aggression, In Utero, 2D: 4D Ratio, Testosterone, Androgen Exposure, and Behaviour
The effect of glucomannan on plasma glucose response in young, healthy females
(Queen Margaret University, 2016)
Introduction Cardiovascular disease secondary to type 2 diabetes mellitus is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in the United Kingdom (UK) and worldwide. Poor glycaemic control is implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes-related cardiovascular disease. The efficacy of glucomannan, a soluble dietary fibre, in mitigating postprandial glycaemic response has not yet been determined. Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the acute effects of glucomannan supplementation on postprandial plasma glucose response in young, healthy females through the use of a test meal supplemented with glucomannan, compared with placebo. Methods This study was a randomised, double-blind crossover study. Participants attended two study visits and received either the control or test meal at each. Blood glucose monitoring took place every 20 minutes postprandially over a period of two hours. Differences between control and intervention were analysed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Results Mean peak blood glucose concentration was higher by 1.1±0.20mmol/L when consuming control compared with intervention; this difference was not statistically significant. (p=0.08). Mean difference between fasting and peak blood glucose concentrations for control vs intervention was 1.36±0.32mmol/L; this was not statistically significant (p=0.10). Participants reported no adverse effects. Conclusion This study did not yield statistically significant results. However, some results may be considered clinically significant; e.g. a difference of 1.36±0.32mmol/L between mean fasting and mean peak blood glucose concentrations when comparing intervention vs control. This study may provide a basis on which future investigation of glucomannan can be built. Key words Type two diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, postprandial hyperglycaemia, dietary fibre, glucomannan
ANALYSIS OF ANTIOXIDANT AND CAFFEINE IN COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE GREEN, BLACK AND WHITE TEAS.
(Queen Margaret University, 2017)
Tea consumption has been a significant part of human tradition for centuries. Increased publicity of the health benefits of tea have increased the demand of certain teas due to the health benefits associated with them. Commercial tea is produced from the C. sinesis plant. An ever-green shrub, believed to have originated from South East Asia. Research has been conducted on the optimal brewing methods for tea and the antioxidant capacity. However, there is a scarcity of research comparing the caffeine and antioxidant content. Caffeine and antioxidant content of commercially available tea brands were analysed using HPLC and FRAP assays. Statistical analysis was conducted using two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's HSD test for further analysis. A p value>0.05 was considered significant. Black tea recorded the highest HPLC values for caffeine 57.0±11.97mg/ml. While green tea recorded FRAP values Mm/100ml. However, black tea had the highest antioxidant capacity overall. In conclusion, green tea was considered to have the most health benefits of the tea types tested with consideration of caffeine and antioxidant content. Green tea competed favorably with black tea in antioxidant content. While maintaining moderate caffeine content.
The effects of curcumin supplementation on type 2 diabetes physiological and biochemical markers in healthy volunteers.
(Queen Margaret University, 2017)
Objective: The aim of the current study is to examine the effects of 7 day 1.9g curcumin supplementation on blood pressure, glucose disposal, cholesterol, arterial stiffness and endothelial function, which are characterised as the key biochemical and physiological markers of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, in healthy volunteers. Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder which is thought to contribute to over a million deaths each year. The disease is currently incurable, therefore, the aim of current research is to help prevent and manage the disease. Curcumin has been used therapeutically for decades due to its potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Preclinical studies show that curcumin could act as a pre-diabetic and help control the co-morbidities that accompany the disease such as high cholesterol, hypertension, insulin resistance, arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction. However, its research in a clinical population is relatively limited. Trial Design & Methods: This double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial included healthy individuals (n = 14) which met the screening requirements. All subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 1.9g/day curcumin (n= 7) or placebo (n= 7) supplementation for a period of 7 days. Baseline blood pressure, cholesterol, glucose disposal, arterial stiffness and endothelial function were measured for each participant. After 7 days of either placebo or intervention, participants were asked to return to repeat the tests performed at the baseline visit. The results from the two visits were compared and analysed to evaluate if the intervention had an effect on the parameters investigated. Results: The placebo had no effect on the parameters investigated. There was a significant improvement in glucose disposal after 7 days of 1.9g/day curcumin treatment (p=0.02). However, post-intervention results were not significantly different between the groups. Whilst there was a decrease in systolic blood pressure and arterial stiffness it was not significant. Endothelial function did slightly decrease, however, not significantly. A significant increase in diastolic blood pressure was seen (p=0.04), yet when compared to the placebo there was not a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Seven days of curcumin supplementation effectively improved glucose disposal in healthy individuals. No side effects or adverse events were reported during the duration of the trial. Thus, this study demonstrated that curcumin could be a safe and effective intervention in a pre-diabetic or diabetic population. Key words: Type 2 Diabetes, Curcumin, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Physiological, Biochemical.