Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences
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Item Public health and the prevention of obesity(Wiley, 2017-11-24) Drummond, Sandra; Stratton, Gareth; Cade, Janet; Hankey, Catherine; Whelan, KevinThis chapter describes the key national campaigns in the UK and elsewhere that focus on reducing the prevalence of obesity. In addition to campaigns that help prevent increases in obesity, the Scottish government supports the 'Counterweight Programme' – an initiative to manage and treat overweight and obese patients in primary care. The chapter considers physical activity and sedentary time and their influence on the prevention of obesity, and also in its treatment, with a focus on children. It covers key elements that are considered when designing obesity related initiatives. Due to the multifactorial nature of the causes of weight gain, designing and developing successful interventions present a challenge for public health practitioners. Public health initiatives related to obesity are, by their nature, complex interventions, and these require specific considerations in terms of evaluation.Item Effects of oat β-glucan consumption at breakfast on ad libitum eating, appetite, glycemia, insulinemia and GLP-1 concentrations in healthy subjects.(2018-06-18) Zaremba, Suzanne; Gow, Iain F.; Drummond, Sandra; McCluskey, Jane T.; Steinert, Robert E.There is evidence that oat β-glucan lowers appetite and ad libitum eating; however, not all studies are consistent, and the underpinning mechanisms are not entirely understood. We investigated the effects of 4 g high molecular weight (MW) oat β-glucan on ad libitum eating, subjective appetite, glycemia, insulinemia and plasma GLP-1 responses in 33 normal-weight subjects (22 female/11 male, mean age (y): 26.9 ± 1.0, BMI (kg/m ): 23.5 ± 0.4). The study followed a randomised double-blind, cross-over design with subjects fed two test breakfasts with and without oat β-glucan followed by an ad libitum test meal on two different days. Blood samples and ratings for subjective appetite were collected postprandially at regular time intervals. Oat β-glucan increased feelings of fullness (p = 0.048) and satiety (p = 0.034), but did not affect energy and amount eaten at the ad libitum test meal. There was a treatment by time interaction for plasma GLP-1, plasma insulin and blood glucose. GLP-1 was significantly reduced at 90 min (p = 0.021), blood glucose at 30 min (p = 0.008) and plasma insulin at 30 and 60 min (p = 0.002 and 0.017, respectively) following the oat β-glucan breakfast when compared with the control breakfast. Four grams of high MW oat β-glucan lowers appetite but not ad libitum eating and beneficially modulates postprandial glycaemia, it does however, not increase plasma GLP-1 secretion. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.]Item The effect of including a conventional snack (cereal bar) and a nonconventional snack (almonds) on hunger, eating frequency, dietary intake and body weight(2009) Zaveri, S.; Drummond, SandraBackground: With the increasing prevalence of being overweight and obesity, dietary strategies to curb hunger levels and increase satiety at lower energy intakes are sought. The frequency of eating and type of snack may influence total energy intake. The present study aimed to assess the impact of providing either a conventional snack (cereal bar) or a nonconventional snack (almonds) on eating frequency, hunger rating, dietary intake, body weight and blood lipids. Methods: Forty-five healthy men (aged 25-50 years, body mass index = 25-35 kg m-2) were recruited and allocated to a control, cereal bar or almond snack group. Two packets of cereal bars and almonds were introduced for 12 weeks to the cereal bar group and the almond snack group, respectively. Dietary intakes and eating frequency were assessed by 4-day unweighed diet diaries; visual analogue scales were used to assess hunger ratings; and fasting blood parameters (i.e. glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were measured at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks. In addition, anthropometric measures (height, weight, skinfold thickness, waist and hip circumference) were measured at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks. Results: The present study found no significant change in the eating frequency within groups at 12 weeks. However, the almond snack group had a significantly higher eating frequency than the control group (P ≤ 0.05) and cereal bar group (P ≤ 0.01). This did not result in higher energy intake, body weight or percentage body fat in the almond snack group. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that snacking on almonds, in comparison to cereal bars, promoted a higher eating frequency, but not a higher energy intake. Advice to snack on either almonds or cereal bars did not result in weight gain, suggesting that energy compensation took place. © 2009 The British Dietetic AssociationItem Comparing advice to decrease both dietary fat and sucrose, or dietary fat only, on weight loss, weight maintenance and perceived quality of life(Informa Healthcare, 2010-05) White, Cheryl; Drummond, Sandra; de Looy, A.This study compared two types of dietary advice on weight loss, weight maintenance and quality of life in Scottish women. One hundred and twenty-six overweight/obese sedentary women were randomly assigned to either: Group 1, reduced energy, fat and sucrose; Group 2, reduced energy and fat only; or Group 3, control. Subjects were followed up at 3 months and for a further 6 months weight maintenance. Groups 1 and 2 reported a decrease in energy intake, percentage energy fat, and increase in percentage energy total carbohydrate and protein (P < 0.001). Group 1 reduced percentage energy sucrose at 3 months (P < 0.001) but not at 9 months. Groups 1 and 2 lost body weight (2.81 kg [standard error of the mean, 0.406] and 2.6 kg [standard error of the mean, 0.506], respectively), body fat (P < 0.01) and reported increased quality of life (P < 0.05). Group 2 reported more positive changes. Both interventions were successful for weight reduction, and were maintained medium term. The associated increase in quality of life may be indicative of longer term compliance, predicting successful weight maintenance.Item The need to standardize ad libitum eating protocols in dietary fibre appetite research(Nature Publishing Group, 2016-12-21) Zaremba, Suzanne; Drummond, Sandra; Steinert, R. E.Since more than 1.9 billion adults worldwide are overweight, of which 600 million are obese,1 it is of vital importance to identify treatment strategies to help overweight and obese patients to lose weight and to improve long-term health. From a nutrition perspective, research has focussed on increasing the satiating power of the diet so that individuals feel full with fewer calories. A potentially effective class of functional foods, modulating appetite and food intake in such ways, is dietary fibre. However, although emerging evidence highlights the positive effects of dietary fibre on appetite and body weight, the methodological approaches are not always consistent and give rise to many uncertainties.Item Polyphenols and Their Role in Obesity Management: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials(Wiley, 2017-05-11) Farhat, Grace; Drummond, Sandra; Al-Dujaili, Emad A. S.Polyphenols have been suggested to reduce body weight and modify body composition through different mechanisms. These effects have been extensively studied in animals and in vitro and to a lesser extent in humans. The aim of this review is to consider the association between polyphenols and body weight status by focusing on human intervention studies. We conducted a systematic literature search in MEDLINE (via EBSCOhost), ProQuest CENTRAL, and Cochrane CENTRAL without time restrictions. Randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of polyphenols on weight and/or body composition in the overweight and/or obese population were included. Nineteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Results suggest that further research is required before supporting a potential role of polyphenols in reducing weight in overweight and obese individuals (nine studies showed a significant decrease in weight by a mean of 1.47 0.58 kg). Nevertheless, several studies indicated that polyphenols might be effective in preventing small increases in weight during periods of overfeeding rather than reducing weight as such. The outcomes noted do not yet support polyphenol supplementation as a complementary approach in weight loss diets. Further larger trials with a duration of 12 months or more are needed to elucidate the effect of polyphenols on body weight status. Copyright 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Item Obesity: a diet that is acceptable is more likely to succeed.(2007) Drummond, SandraObesity is a serious and increasing public health problem in the UK. The author discusses current evidence which suggests that intervention with individual clients is worthwhile, and that the priorities for promoting a healthy body weight are to reduce dietary fat and eat a diet high in carbohydrates, in conjunction with moderate daily physical activity. The client is unlikely to achieve an maintain a healthy body weight unless they find a diet and forms of exercise that they enjoy. Health professionals can help by providing evidence-based advice tailored to the individual client's preferences. For example, clients can eat more of the fruits and vegetables they like, and sugar need not be excluded from the carbohydrate components of the diet and may be beneficial in making the diet more palatable. Slow, steady weight loss should be the aim leading to maintaining a healthy body weight in the long-term. Small acceptable changes to the diet, which can be maintained lifelong, should be encouraged. Some practical suggestions for low energy diets and ways of increasing exercise are included.Item Effect of Pomegranate Extract Consumption on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors, Stress Hormones, and Quality of Life in Human Volunteers: An Exploratory Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial(ECronicon, 2015-10-15) Stockton, Angela; Al-Dujaili, Emad A. S.; McDougall, Gordon; Davidson, Isobel; Drummond, Sandra; Wyness, LauraBackground: Pomegranate extract (PE) provides a rich and varied source of biophenols, which can act as powerful antioxidants. The most abundant being ellagitannins, anthocyanins, and ellagic and gallic acid derivatives.. Evidence suggests that pomegranate juice consumption may alleviate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. This exploratory study investigates the effect of PE consumption on blood pressure (BP), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), stress hormone levels (cortisol/cortisone) and quality of life in healthy human volunteers. Methods: Seven males and 22 females(n = 29) participated in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled exploratory study (BMI: 25.05 3.91 kg/m_, age: 34.5 13.7 years). All participants consumed either one PE (Pomanox, Pomegreat) or a placebo capsule daily, after a meal, for 4 weeks. Dietary history and habits and the health related Quality of Life questionnaire (Rand 36) were recorded pre- and post-intervention. BP, salivary cortisol and cortisone levels (am, noon, and pm) were assessed by ELISAs, and fasting blood was obtained at baseline and after 4 weeks to compare glucose, insulin and insulin resistance parameters. Results: All participants randomised in the study completed the intervention. Systolic BP was significantly reduced following PE from 120.3 13.3 to 115.6 13.1 mmHg (P = 0.012). There was a reduction in the HOMA-IR levels from2.22 2.62 to 1.61 1.88 (P = 0.045), and glucose, insulin and uric acid all decreased from baseline. No significant changes were recorded in volunteers taking the placebo. PE consumption caused a significant drop of salivary cortisol levels (am; 39.5 19.6%, p < 0.001 and noon; 43.1 32.3%, p = 0.016). The salivary cortisol/cortisone ratio was also significantly reduced (am from 1.11 0.51 to 0.55 0.26, p < 0.001, noon 1.57 0.85 to 0.75 0.72, p < 0.001 and pm; 1.22 0.90 to 0.74 0.59, p = 0.011). Physical (p = 0.018) and social functioning (p = 0.021), pain (p = 0.003), general health (p = 0.008) and overall Quality of Life score (p = 0.007) were significantly improved in those taking the PE capsules. The intervention was delivered successfully with no withdrawals. Conclusions: These results suggest that PE intake rich in biophenols may ameliorate cardiovascular risk factors, reduce stress levels and improve perceived health related quality of life. The reduction in salivary cortisol levels may prove beneficial for people suffering from chronic stress. This exploratory study provides useful information required to conduct a definitive trial.Item Encouraging healthier lifestyles--3. Healthy living for all the family!(2007) Drummond, SandraThe link between good nutrition, exercise and health is well established, but many people in the U.K. still do not follow the nationally recommended guidelines for either nutrition or exercise. The problem affects children and young people as well as adults and puts them at risk of several chronic diseases in later life such as diabetes, heart disease and obesity. This article looks at some practical ways of tackling poor nutrition and lack of exercise in families, since the family has a strong and lasting influence on children's health behaviours and parents are powerful role models for their children.Item Study of low fat Milk-Based Sports Drink(Robert Wiseman Dairies, 2009) Warnock, Mary; Drummond, Sandra