Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/23
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Item Reformulation of Biscuit and Oatcake Products With Nutritional and Environmental Benefits Using a Novel Palm Shortening Substitute(Wiley, 2025-08-28) Mora-Gallego, Hector; Craddock, Robert; Euston, Stephen R.; Liddle, Catriona; Lonchamp, JulienThis paper assessed the feasibility of replacing palm shortening with a novel sustainable ingredient composed of rapeseed oil, linseed meal, and beta-glucan (PALM-ALT) in hard-texture bakery products (biscuit and oatcake). There is currently no palm shortening alternative that is functional, sustainable, nutritionally-balanced, and competitive. The PALM-ALT ingredient was characterized by oil droplet size distribution, rheology, confocal microscopy, and scanning-electron microscopy, whilst the biscuits and oatcakes were profiled by sensory, texturometry, colorimetry, water activity, and moisture analyses. The PALM-ALT ingredient exhibited a stable emulsion-gel structure (32 µm oil droplet size, 62 Pa.s viscosity, 40 Pa yield stress). Linseed proteins contributed to the formation and stabilization of oil droplets, whilst linseed mucilage, oat beta-glucan, and aggregates of linseed proteins and/or beta-glucan (observed in the continuous phase) further stabilized the emulsion. Three formulations were prepared with either palm shortening, rapeseed oil, or PALM-ALT. PALM-ALT biscuits and oatcakes respectively showed an 86% and 75% saturated fat reduction in comparison with their palm-based control product. PALM-ALT products displayed similar sensory and instrumental profiles to their palm-based controls, whereas rapeseed oil formulations exhibited significantly different color, odor, and texture profiles than the controls (p < 0.05). Rapeseed oil biscuits showed a lower overall sensory quality than their palm-based control, whilst PALM-ALT oatcakes displayed a higher acceptability than the control and rapeseed oil products (p < 0.05). This study showed that PALM-ALT was able to replace palm shortening in hard-texture bakery formulations with maintenance of their sensory profiles, whilst providing nutritional and sustainability benefits.Item Extraction of an emulsifying agent from the cellulose-based filtration aid of cold-pressed rapeseed oil(Elsevier, 2025-01-18) Lonchamp, Julien; Euston, Stephen R.This study aimed to extract an emulsifying agent from the cellulose-based filtration aid of cold-pressed rapeseed oil. This material is currently a low-value stream but contains phospholipids retained during filtration and proteins from residual seed peel and pulp particles. A range of two-step extraction methods were assessed, with oil removal using diethyl ether (DE) or petroleum ether followed by chloroform-methanol (CM) extraction (2:1, 3:2 or 5:4 ratios) or the reversed order. Emulsions prepared with the DE/CM3:2 extract displayed the highest emulsifying activity and stability indexes (35.52 m2/g and 2,045.18 min) and similar small mean oil droplet sizes (3 μm) to those of whey protein concentrate emulsions. A range of extracted compounds contributed to the DE/CM3:2 functionality, including napins, cruciferins and phospholipids. This study demonstrated for the first time the potential to upcycle this co-product by recovering emulsifying agents. Future studies will focus on optimising the extraction process and yield.Item Novel palm shortening substitute using a combination of rapeseed oil, linseed meal and beta-glucan(Elsevier, 2024-06-19) Sampaio, Shirley L.; Chisnall, Timothy; Euston, Stephen R.; Liddle, Catriona; Lonchamp, JulienThis study investigated the potential of a novel sustainable ingredient composed of rapeseed oil, linseed meal and beta-glucan (PALM-ALT) to mimic palm shortening functionality in cake. The combined functional properties of linseed meal and beta-glucan led to stable semi-solid emulsion-gels (20–31 μm oil droplet size, 105–115 Pa.s viscosity and 60–65 Pa yield stress). PALM-ALT contained 25 and 88% less total and saturated fat than palm shortening, whilst PALM-ALT cakes contained 26 and 75% less total and saturated fat than the palm-based control. PALM-ALT cakes matched the flavour profile of the palm-based control, while rapeseed oil cakes tasted more sour and less sweet than the control (p < 0.05). PALM-ALT cakes proved less hard and more cohesive than the control (p < 0.05), with 100% of the consumer panel preferring PALM-ALT formulations. This study demonstrated the unique potential of PALM-ALT as healthier, sustainable and competitive alternative to palm shortening.Item Molecular simulation of partially denatured β-lactoglobulin(Elsevier, 2023-04-29) Zhang, Zhuo; Arrighi, Valeria; Campbell, Lydia; Lonchamp, Julien; Euston, Stephen R.The unfolding of β-lactoglobulin (β-lac) upon heating was comprehensively studied through molecular dynamics computer simulations. A β-lac molecule in the aqueous solution was firstly heated at 500 K for unfolding and then annealed at 300 K to collect stable conformations. There were five meta-stable conformations observed based on the Free Energy Landscape (FEL). The β-lac molecule was found to exhibit an open and extended conformation on heating followed by limited refolding upon cooling. The cysteine residues –SH121 and S–S66-160 in the most open conformation were located at the opposite ends of the β-lac molecule. This would favour the intermolecular –SH/S–S interchange reactions that are known to occur in β-lac as part of the inter-molecular aggregation process. Furthermore, the unfolding of the β-lac increased the hydrogen bond forming capacity between water molecules and the protein and between water molecules themselves. The interactions and the properties of the water molecules in the protein hydration shell also indicated that the hydration shell was stabilized by protein unfolding. However, it was found that the unfolding of β-lac increased diffusion of hydration water molecules, including those in the first hydration shell that interact more strongly with the protein. This may partly explain why unfolded proteins are more likely to aggregate even though there were more hydration water molecules protecting them. Such results provided more detailed information on the structure-functionality relationship of β-lac based on both the protein molecule and its hydration shell. This provides insight into how we can control the processing of proteins for desirable functional properties such as thickening and gelation, which are modified through protein-water interactions.Item The major proteins of the seed of the fruit of the date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.): Characterisation and emulsifying properties(Elsevier, 2015-11-11) Akasha, Ibrahim; Campbell, Lydia; Lonchamp, Julien; Euston, Stephen R.Proteins were extracted from the seeds of the fruit of the date palm. Proteomic analysis and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of the extracted proteome suggested it is composed predominantly of the storage proteins glycinin and β-conglycinin, although over 300 proteins were detected, 91 of which were identified with confidence. In terms of protein type, the largest numbers of proteins were associated, not unexpectedly, with metabolism and energy functions, which reflected the requirements of the germinating and growing embryonic plant. The emulsifying properties of the extracted proteins were determined. Date seed protein exhibited a lower emulsifying activity than either whey protein concentrate or soy protein isolate at each of the pH values tested. However, the stability of the emulsions produced with all three proteins was very similar at the different pH values. This combination of large emulsion droplet size and high emulsion stability properties suggested that the date proteins may adsorb as large protein oligomers.Item Properties of partially denatured whey protein products: Formation and characterisation of structure(Elsevier, 2015-06-22) Zhang, Zhuo; Arrighi, Valeria; Campbell, Lydia; Lonchamp, Julien; Euston, Stephen R.Partially denatured whey protein (PDWPC) products have been manufactured using a controlled heating process that allows control of the degree of denaturation of the whey proteins. This is assessed by following the change in free sulphydryl content of the protein as heating progresses. This allows the formation of soluble whey protein aggregates of diverse particle size and morphology. The PDWPC's have been made using different manufacturing conditions (temperature, pH, degree of denaturation) to give aggregated PDWPC powders with a degree of denaturation in the range 45–98% and particle size 3–17 μm. Particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy and density analysis show that the particles have aggregated structures that range from compact, particulate gel-like to fibrillar phase-separated structures, with intermediate structures formed under some conditions. These structures are consistent with the known gel structures formed in whey protein concentrate gels. The structure of the PDWPC particles differs from that of microparticulated whey proteins. The possibility of using PDWPC's as ingredients tailored to the needs of food manufacturers is discussed.Item Properties of partially denatured whey protein products 2: Solution flow properties(Elsevier, 2015-12-22) Zhang, Zhuo; Arrighi, Valeria; Campbell, Lydia; Lonchamp, Julien; Euston, Stephen R.Partial denaturation of whey protein concentrates has been used to make protein powders with differing viscosity properties. PDWPC particles have been manufactured to have a range of aggregate sizes (3.3–17 μm) and structures (compact particle gel to open fibrillar gel). In solution the PDWPC samples show complex viscosity behaviour dependant on the size and morphology of the PDWPC aggregate particles. For the same protein content the compact particles have a lower viscosity than open, fibrillar particles. The viscosity also appears to depend on the surface structure of the particles, with particles of a similar size, but having a rougher surface giving higher viscosity than similar smooth particles. The viscosity of the WPC, MPWPC and PDWPC solutions are explained in terms of the postulated interactions between the protein aggregates in solution.Item Foaming, emulsifying and rheological properties of extracts from a co-product of the Quorn fermentation process(Springer, 2019-05-24) Lonchamp, Julien; Clegg, Paul; Euston, Stephen R.This study assessed the functional profile (foaming, emulsifying and rheological properties), proteomic and metabolomic composition of a naturally foaming and currently unexploited co-product (centrate) from the Quorn fermentation process. Due to the low environmental footprint of this process the centrate is a potential source of sustainable functional ingredients for the food industry. A range of fractions were isolated from the centrate via successive ultrafiltration steps. The retentate 100 (R100) fraction, which was obtained following a 100 kDa ultrafiltration, displayed good foaming, emulsifying and rheological properties. R100 solutions and oil-in-water emulsions displayed high viscosity, while R100 solutions and hydrogels showed high viscoelasticity. R100 foams displayed high stability while oil-in-water R100 emulsions showed small and stable oil droplet size distributions. Large mycelial aggregates were reported in R100 solutions and gels, correlating with their high viscosity and viscoelasticity. A dense mycelial network was observed in R100 foams and contributing to their stability. In parallel tensiometry measurements highlighted the presence of interfacially active molecules in R100 which formed a rigid film stabilising the oil/water interface. A number of functional metabolites and proteins were identified in the centrate, including a cerato-platanin protein, cell membrane constituents (phospholipids, sterols, glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelins), cell wall constituents (chitin, chitosan, proteins), guanine and guanine-based nucleosides and nucleotides. This study highlighted the potential of functional extracts from the Quorn fermentation process as novel ingredients for the preparation of sustainable food products and the complex and specific nature of the centrate’s functional profile, with contributions reported for both mycelial structures and interfacially active molecules.Item Electrostatic complexes of whey protein and pectin as foaming and emulsifying agents(2018-01-09) Oduse, Kayode; Campbell, Lydia; Lonchamp, Julien; Euston, Stephen R.Five types of electrostatic complex (macromolecular complexes, core-shell particles, and mixed homogeneous particles) were formed between whey protein (whey protein concentrate [WPC]) and pectin. By controlling the thermal treatment, composition, and order of mixing, it was possible to produce complexes that for the same biopolymer concentration gave differing functional properties. All protein-pectin complexes showed higher foaming ability and stability than native or heated WPC without pectin. Native WPC had higher emulsifying ability than protein-pectin complexes but exhibited the lowest emulsion stability. Ingredients based on such ideas might offer the food manufacturer greater control over food structure, stability, and organoleptic properties.Item Properties of partially denatured whey protein products: Viscoelastic properties(Elsevier, 2018-02-07) Euston, Stephen R.; Lonchamp, Julien; Campbell, Lydia; Arrighi, V.; Zhang, Z.Partially denatured whey protein products (PDWPC's) can be classified based on the viscoelastic properties of their solutions. Strain sweeps show that PDWPC-A and -B and microparticulated WPC (MPWPC) with compact, spherical aggregated particles exhibit a strong strain overshoot. PDWPC-C and -D, on the other hand, which have open, elongated porous particles show a weak strain overshoot. The concentration dependence of the elastic modulus G' in the linear viscoelastic region has a biphasic power law dependence with concentration for all protein products studied, except for WPC where G' is independent of protein concentration. Frequency sweeps suggest that MPWC solutions form a strong physical gel at all concentrations above 14% (w/w). PDWPC-A and -B form weak gels over the same concentration range. PDWPC-C and -D also form weak gels at 14% protein (w/w) but strong physical gels at higher concentrations. The frequency dependence of G' and G'' for all aggregated proteins show a power law dependence indicating fractal type structures. For all solutions above a critical concentration, the fractal dimensions span the range 1.6-2.3, indicating a range of gel network structures from open and diffuse to compact and dense. Adherence to the empirical Cox-Merz rule was observed in PDWPC-A, -C and -D at concentrations of 14 and 16% (w/w) protein, suggesting liquid-like behaviour. At higher protein concentrations the deviations from the Cox-Merz rule suggest more pronounced elasticity in the structure. For PDWPC-B, the behaviour is complex, with deviation from the Cox-Merz rule at low frequencies/shear rates, but correspondence at higher frequencies/shear rates at all concentrations. This indicates a frequency-dependent change from liquid-like behaviour over long timescale deformations, to a solid-like behaviour at short timescale deformations. MPWPC solutions of all concentrations do not follow the Cox-Merz rule, suggesting solid-like behaviour. The PDWPCs exhibit a complex rheological behaviour which suggests they could be versatile thickening, texturizing and fat replacement