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Item Testing Realist Programme Theories on the Contribution of Lean Six Sigma to Person-Centred Cultures: A Comparative Study in Public and Private Acute Hospitals(MDPI, 2025-09-04) Teeling, Sean Paul; Baldie, Deborah; Daly, Ailish; Pierce, Anthony; Wolfe, Nicola; Fagan, Gillian; Garry, CatherinePerson-centred cultures are increasingly recognised as essential to the delivery of compassionate, safe, and effective healthcare. While Lean Six Sigma (LSS) is widely adopted as a process improvement methodology, its application is often critiqued for lacking alignment with relational or values-based care. This study aimed to test the transferability of three previously developed Programme Theories (PTs), generated through realist inquiry in a public hospital setting, within a large private acute hospital. Realist-informed adjudication workshops were conducted with interdisciplinary staff who had completed university-accredited training in LSS. Structured workbooks, visual artefacts, and thematic synthesis were used to identify how context–mechanism–outcome configurations (CMOCs) held, shifted, or evolved in the new setting. All three PTs were confirmed, with six CMOCs refined, and eight new configurations generated. Key refinements included the role of strategic intent, informal improvement communities, and intrinsic motivation. These findings suggest that values-based mechanisms underpinning person-centred LSS are not confined to public systems and may be equally active in private settings. The study confirms the explanatory strength of the original PTs while contributing new insights into their adaptability. It offers practical guidance for healthcare leaders seeking to embed person-centred improvement approaches across diverse systems, regardless of sectoral funding or governance structures.Item The contribution of a person-centred model of Lean Six Sigma to the development of a healthful culture of health systems improvement(Frontiers Media, 2025-08-18) Teeling, Sean Paul; Baldie, Deborah; Daly, Ailish; Keown, Anne Marie; Igoe, Aileen; Dowling, Ciara; McNamara, MartinBackground: A failure to distinguish between person-centredness, person-centred care, and person-centred cultures can result in improvement initiatives focusing solely on improvement initiative metrics and outcomes, excluding the authentic experiences of patients and staff. Building on the foundational work of Dewing and McCormack, we have designed, piloted, and implemented the Person-centred Lean Six Sigma (PCLSS) model in public and private acute and community healthcare settings across Ireland. This model uses Lean Six Sigma, a widely adopted improvement methodology, through a person-centred lens with which improvement practitioners and healthcare staff can inspect their Lean Six Sigma practice and critically evaluate whether, to what extent, and how it is synergistic with person-centred approaches. Aim: This paper explores the deployment of the PCLSS model across four clinical study sites and examines its alignment with McCance and McCormack's conceptual work on healthful cultures, evaluating its contribution to creating cultures that support sustainable improvement, compassion, and respect. Methods: The PCLSS model was embedded within a university-accredited education programme for healthcare staff. The model was applied across four distinct healthcare settings in Ireland: a public acute teaching hospital, a private full-service acute hospital, an integrated ophthalmology service bridging hospital and community care, and a public rehabilitation hospital. A case study methodology was used to examine implementation and impact. Results: Across all four sites, the PCLSS model facilitated improvements in operational efficiency, staff and patient engagement, interprofessional collaboration, and reflective practice. The model supported leadership at all levels, fostered sustainable change, and successfully mapped onto key domains associated with healthful cultures, as articulated in the work of McCance and McCormack. Conclusion: The PCLSS model represents a sustainable, values-based approach to improvement that aligns operational excellence with person-centred principles. Its application contributes meaningfully to the development of healthful cultures in healthcare organisations.