The Institute for Global Health and Development
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Item Shocks, vulnerability and coping(Sable Press, Harare, ZW, 2012-11) Mararike, N; Nyamwanza, AdmireThe report presents data drawn from the survey (Moving Zimbabwe Forward Wellbeing and Poverty Survey- MZF) and contextualizes findings in relation to other studies, such as the Poverty Assessment Survey Studies (PASS). It provides comprehensive suggestions for both policy and practice to address poverty in Zimbabwe, while identifying poverty traps: lack of education; lack of quality employment, low land and labour productivity, and health issues. HIV/AIDS, malaria, bilharzias, diabetes, hypertension, infant mortality and maternal morbidity undermine productivity and capital accumulation. A comprehensive social protection programme is necessary, including cash transfers, education and health assistance, and cash (or food) for work.Item Transfrontier parks and development in southern Africa: The case of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park(Taylor & Francis Group, 2013-10-07) Bhatasara, Sandra; Nyamwanza, Admire; Kujinga, KrasposyThe interface between local communities and transfrontier parks has received considerable attention, yet the utility of the transfrontier concept in developing livelihoods and environmental sustainability in southern Africa remains questionable. This paper argues that the benefits of transfrontier parks at regional, national and community levels cannot be overstated; neither should the problems be underestimated. Transfrontier parks may be viable alternatives in achieving development that is sustainable by protecting southern Africa's fragile environments, generating more funds and bringing significant and major improvements to the lives of the rural poor. At the same time, transfrontier parks raise issues of sovereignty of national governments, create complexity in governance processes and can lead to the needs of rural communities being sacrificed. Therefore, there is a need to find ways to reconcile conflictual and sometimes controversial circumstances in the establishment of transfrontier parks and, inquire further into the programmatic blueprints for transfrontier initiatives.Item The utility of postmodern thinking in climate adaptation research(Springer, 2014-11-12) Nyamwanza, Admire; Bhatasara, SandraAdaptation has assumed centre stage in current climate change discourse, yet there has been minimal attention to the explicit exploration of epistemological and ontological concerns in the area. This paper focuses on these critical dimensions by exploring the contributions of a postmodernist perspective to climate adaptation research and analysis. Based on the ideas of three leading postmodern thinkers, Jean-François Lyotard, Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida, the paper presents postmodernism as an integrative research paradigm which acknowledges the complexity of the adaptation discourse by embracing the diversity of meanings and narratives around climate adaptation and the utilization of a plurality of methodologies and approaches in research with a potential to drive rigorous and contextually relevant climate adaptation research.Item The Big Question: Climate’s Biggest Losers: Who Has the Most to Lose from Climate Change in Your Country(Duke University Press, 2015) Nyamwanza, Admire; Kayhan, Ali Kerem; Pandit, Maharaj K.; Haque, Afroza; Riedy, Christopher; Doherty-Bigara, Jennifer; Galarraga, Ibon; Dingman, EricaWith a host of climate-driven natural disasters in recent months, and among the worst winters in years in the northern hemisphere, there is an increasing perception that climate change is a critical reality that must be faced by a growing mass of the world’s population. Accordingly, we chose to ask our panel of global experts, weighing in from six continents, who in their country has the most at stake in the face of our changing climate and the forces driving these environmental disruptions. Climate change has had and is projected to continue having huge impacts across all socio-economic sectors in Zimbabwe. However, immediate and critical impacts with huge losses will be felt mostly by smallholder subsistence rural farmers who also form the bulk of the marginalized poor. Smallholder farmers’ dependence on rainfall and temperature dynamics exposes them to climate variability...Item Anticipatory adaptation and the role of decadal climate information in rural African livelihood systems: Lessons from the Mid-Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe(Emerald, 2016-03-21) Nyamwanza, Admire; New, MarkPurpose This study aims to explore the utility of anticipatory adaptation to climate variability and related livelihood sensitivities in rural African contexts using the case of Mbire district situated in the mid-Zambezi valley region of Zimbabwe. The provision of decadal climate information (up to ten years), as part of an anticipatory adaptation package, is at the centre of analysis. Design/methodology/approach The study used semi-structured and key informant interviews, with a total of 45 semi-structured interviews being conducted with randomly selected long-term communal farmers in the case study area. Whilst data from semi-structured interviews was arranged in Microsoft Excel, thematic analysis was used in analyzing all data. Findings Anticipatory adaptation and decadal climate projections are shown to potentially enhance flexibility in adaptation planning vis- à-vis responding to climate variability and other challenges, as well as reduce chances of maladaptation in responding to climate challenges in the context of multiple and reinforcing stresses and shocks. Originality/value Anticipatory adaptation, with its three main pillars of future analysis, flexibility of strategies and proactive action, is emerging as key in assisting adaptation planning, the harnessing of opportunities and decision-making vis- à-vis responding to climate uncertainties and related livelihood sensitivities. Yet there have not been much empirically grounded analyses in understanding the role of anticipatory adaptation in rural Africa. This study therefore adds to evidence-based analyses towards understanding the role and utility of anticipatory adaptation in local communities in Africa. KeywordsItem Climate change, sustainable water management and institutional adaptation in rural sub-Saharan Africa(Springer, 2016-01-20) Nyamwanza, Admire; Kujinga, Krasposy K.Much current work on climate adaptation options vis-à-vis water management in rural sub-Saharan Africa has tended to focus more on technological and infrastructural alternatives and less on institutional alternatives. Yet, vulnerability to climate variability and change in these contexts is a function not just of biophysical outcomes but also of institutional factors that can vary significantly at relatively finer scales. This paper seeks to contribute towards closing this gap by examining institutional options for sustainable water management in rural SSA in the context of climate change and variability. It explores challenges for transforming water-related institutions and puts forward institutional alternatives towards adapting to increasingly complex conditions created by climate change and variability. The paper suggests revisiting the Integrated Water Resources Management approach which has dominated water institutional debates and reforms in Africa over the recent past, towards actively adopting resilience and adaptive management lenses in crafting water institutional development initiatives.Item Contributions of decadal climate information in agriculture and food systems in east and southern Africa(Springer, 2017-05-22) Nyamwanza, Admire; New, Mark George; Fujisawa, Mariko; Johnston, Peter; Hajat, AkeelWhilst there has been much focus on the utility of climate information on the seasonal timescale and several decades into the future vis-à-vis decision-making and responses to climate and related risks in Africa, less attention has been given to information on the decadal timescale. Yet much policy, planning and investment decision-making within African agricultural and food systems take place within this timescale. Decadal prediction research itself has become a hot topic, and it is against this background that we explore the questions, ‘what climate information could be utilised by farmers within this timescale and of what value will it be?’ Using case studies of both small and large-scale farming systems in east and southern Africa, we show decadal climate information potentially providing opportunities for flexible, proactive and innovative decision-making in response to projected dynamics within this period, ultimately bridging the current gap not covered by seasonal forecasts and climate change projections.Item Exploring pathways to private sector investment in climate change adaptation and resilience in Africa(African Journals Online, 2018-06-16) Nyamwanza, Admire; Bhatasara, SandraThe objective of this paper is to explore ways in which African governments can engage the private sector to successfully create conditions and incentives for accelerated private sector investment in climate change adaptation and resilience activities in their countries. The paper is based on a critical review of both grey and published literature, with arguments being supported by cases of experiences in different African countries. The paper finds that while there are clear opportunities for private sector involvement in climate change adaptation and resilience efforts in Africa, there are also several critical financial and non-financial barriers that have to be dealt with, to ensure that private sector players successfully tap into the available opportunities. The paper recommends the setting up of coherent and coordinated policy and regulatory frameworks towards creating a conducive environment for private sector investment in climate change adaptation and resilience activities in Africa.Item Livelihood Resilience, Climate Risk Management and Agriculture in the Mid-Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe(Springer International Publishing, 2019-05-22) Nyamwanza, AdmireThis chapter is a research article which utilizes the livelihood resilience and climate risk management constructs to explore climatic sensitivities and response strategies to these sensitivities within African agricultural systems using a case study of the mid-Zambezi valley area in northern Zimbabwe. Discussions in this chapter are based on a 6-year longitudinal qualitative primary fieldwork research focused on livelihood resilience, climate change adaptation and climate information needs in the case study area. The chapter positions research results within a broader conversation of how to adequately deal with barriers to and effectively stimulate the enablers of livelihood resilience and climate risk management within rural agricultural and livelihood systems in Africa.Item Appraisal of a Learning Coaching Strategy in Rural Areas of Peru in a Results-based Budgeting Rationality(Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc, 2015) Sempé, LucasThis research analyzes a learning coaching strategy called Acompañamiento Pedagógico promoted by the ministry of Education of Peru since 2008 focusing in rural multi-grade (Spanish and bilingual) schools aiming to improve learning outcomes. It focuses on the learning achievements of its students and also seeks providing advice for improving functioning of the current strategy. The first goal was to determine if there is a significant difference in learning achievements in Spanish reading and comprehension and mathematics between coached and noncoached schools and were performed mixed-designed ANOVAs tests. The finding of statistically significant interactions between receiving coaching for 3-years disclosures an effective strategy in order to increase the goal of any educational system, the learning of students. The second goal of the research was analyzing if the present learning coaching strategy meets the standards set by the national results-based budgeting approach. For that purpose, a documentary review of policy design, focalization and expenditure were performed, finding a design inconsistency, some coverage problems and absence of clear standards and organization parameters.