Physiotherapy

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Nutrition, exercise and health: food for action, food for thought.
(Ling Press, 1987) Mercer, Tom; Biddle, S. J. H.; Biddle, S. J. H.
Incremental and constant load determinations of VO2 max and maximal constant-load performance time
(1987) Lavoie, N. F.; Mercer, Tom
Assessment of VO2 max of competitive cyclists using conventional ergometry versus a sports-specific test.
(Illinois Human Kinetics, 1988) Lavoie, N. F.; Mercer, Tom; Ciolfi, M. A.; Burke, E R; Newsom, M. M.
Being habitually active in leisure-time: Today's best buy for Public Health.
(1989) Mercer, Tom
Physical fitness
(Bowker-Saur, 1992) Mercer, Tom; Shoebridge, Michele
Reproducibility of isokinetic leg strength and endurance characteristics of adult men and women
(Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 1992-05) Gleeson, Nigel; Mercer, Tom
Day-to-day variability and single-measurement reliability of selected isokinetic knee extension-flexion strength and endurance indices were assessed in 10 adult men and 8 adult women. On three occasions separated by at least 5 days, the subjects completed 4 reciprocal maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) at different angular velocities (1.05 rad s-1 and 3.14 rad s-1). The men also completed a muscular endurance test consisting of 30 reciprocal, MVC at 3.14 rad -1. Coefficient of variation, intra-class correlation coefficient and standard error of single-measurement scores support the continued use of gravity corrected peak torque (PT) and average peak torque (APT) as indices of isokinetic leg strength. Similarly, gravity corrected APT and total work should be the recommended indices of isokinetic leg muscular endurance in men. The results suggest that these isokinetic indices must be assessed using multiple day-to-day trial protocols adequately to describe performance capacity. Composite indices such as the ratio of Knee flexion to extension PT and fatigue measurements offer considerably reduced reliability and a greater potential for misinterpretation. The reliability of knee extension indices generally exceeds that of flexion indices. Similar variability and reproducibility of responses were observed between men and women and between reciprocal contractions performed at angular velocities of 1.05 rad s-1 and 3.14 rad s-1.
A study of sit to stand in normal subjects and hemiplegic subjects
(1993) Baer, Gill
An examination of the reproducibility and utility of isokinetic leg strength assessment in women.
(University of Victoria Press, 1994) Gleeson, Nigel; Mercer, Tom; Bell, F. I.; Van Gyn, G. H.
Assessment of the stage of exercise behaviour change in young adult females.
(University of Victoria Press, 1994) Buxton, Kim; Mercer, Tom; Wyse, Jon; Bell, F. I.; Van Gyn, G. H.
Time-of-day dependence of isokinetic leg strength and associated interday variability.
(Elsevier, 1994-09) Wyse, Jon; Mercer, Tom; Gleeson, Nigel
The purpose of this study was to assess the interday variability and time-of-day effects on selected isokinetic leg strength indices. Nine adult collegiate sportsmen (mean(s.e.) age 19.6(0.5) years; mean(s.e.) height 1.81(0.02) m; mean(s.e.) body mass 76.5(3.1) kg) completed a series of nine test sessions, organized so that each subject was tested three times within a day (08.00-09.00 hours; 13.00-14.00 hours; 18.00-19.30 hours), on three occasions, each separated by a minimum of 7 days. Gravity-corrected indices of extension peak torque (EPT), flexion peak torque (FPT), and the peak torque ratio (PTR), at contraction velocities of 1.05 rad s-1 and 3.14 rad s-1, were calculated for each subject using an isokinetic dynamometer. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance of coefficient of variation (V%) scores revealed no significant differences in performance variability across within-subject factors of time-of-day and performance index (P > 0.05). Overall mean(s.e.) V% for scores across experimental conditions were 3.97(0.72)% at 1.05 rad s-1 and 5.98(1.23)% at 3.14 rad s-1, suggesting that similar levels of measurement error occur between 08.00-19.30 hours. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance of absolute strength indices (EPT, FPT and PTR) revealed that significantly higher scores were achieved during session 3 (18.00-19.30 hours), with mean(s.e.) values of 249.1(40.0) N m, 149.0(32.3) N m, 59.5(5.0)% at 1.05 rad s-1, and 172.1(38.7) N m, 121.3(27.7) N m, 71.1(6.2)% at 3.14 rad s-1, respectively (P < 0.05). This finding appears to be consistent with current knowledge about time-of-day effects on the assessment of muscular strength. Thus for stable and maximal values to be obtained during isokinetic leg testing, the use of multiple-trial protocols is recommended, with testing occurring as close to 18.00-19.30 hours as possible. In addition, the observed significant time-of-day effect suggests that appropriate comparison of maximal isokinetic leg strength can only be achieved based on data obtained within 30 min of the same time of day.
An examination of the validity and utility of selected methods for the assessment of habitual physical activity.
(E & FN Spon, 1995) Mitchell, J.; Mercer, Tom; Springate, T.; Atkinson, G.; Reilly, T.
Exercise behaviour, physical fitness, and Coronary Heart Disease risk factor status: evidence from a worksite-screening programme.
(E & F N Spon, 1995) Wyse, Jon; Mercer, Tom; Atkinson, G.; Reilly, T.
Trunk movements in older subjects during sit-to-stand
(Elsevier, 1995) Baer, Gill; Ashburn, Ann M.
Sitting to standing (STS) is an activity that is performed many times during the course of a day and is an important prerequisite to the achievement of many functional goals. This article presents the results from a pilot study, the purpose of which was to develop a method for investigating the activity of sit-to-stand. The study describes STS timing and patterns of trunk movement during standing up in a population of 30 normal older adult subjects (mean age, 61.6 years; SD, 7.7 years). Data were gathered using a three-dimensional movement analysis system, CODA-3. Time taken to stand up was recorded, as were the trunk movements of pelvic and shoulder rotation, trunk lateral flexion, pelvic and shoulder lateral shift, and backward shoulder movement to achieve stance. Results show that normal subjects stood up quickly (mean, 1.67sec; SD, .27sec; range, 1.26 to 2.13sec), and despite large amounts of trunk forward flexion and upward motion necessary to achieve the task of standing up, only small amounts of trunk rotation, trunk lateral flexion, and trunk lateral shift were measured during the activity. The identification of these movement characteristics may be beneficial in assisting with analysis of the STS movement pattern.
Physiotherapy and Neurology: Towards Research-based Practice
(1995-08) Durward, B.; Baer, Gill
This paper explores the current practices of physiotherapists working in neurology and argues that a techniques versus science imbalance makes it necessary to develop a scientific knowledge base within physiotherapy practice. Scepticism, determinism and empiricism are identified as three major elements underpinning a scientific approach. Each element is defined, elaborated upon and pragmatic recommendations offered in order to facilitate the implementation of these elements in physiotherapy practice.
Evidence for the validity and utility of the Stages of Exercise Behaviour Change scale in young adults
(Oxford University Press, 1995-09) Wyse, Jon; Mercer, Tom; Ashford, Basil; Buxton, Kim; Gleeson, Nigel
This study examined the validity and utility of the Stages of Exercise Behaviour Change (SEBC) scale in 244 young British adults. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences (F < 7.34, P > 0.01) between the Exercise Behaviour Change Categories of Precontemplation/Contemplation (n = 49), Preparation (n equals 87) and Action/Maintenance (n = 108) in self-report levels of exercise behaviour. Significant differences (F > 3.14, P < 0.05) were also revealed in exercise self-efficacy, physical self-perception sub-domains and global self-esteem scores. Subsequent step-wise discriminant analyses revealed that discrimination between the Categories of Exercise Behaviour Change was possible on the basis of selected behavioural and psychological parameters (Canonical r equals 0.76-0.82, Wilks' lambda = 0.30-0.33, 2 = 60.3-94.6, d.f. = 14, P < 0.0001). In both males and females, the most dominant discriminatory variables in the first Function were revealed to be perceived physical conditioning and 'strenuous' exercise behaviour. For males, the second Function comprised exercise self-efficacy and perceived bodily attractiveness, whilst for females it comprised perceived bodily attractiveness, perceived sports competence and perceived physical strength. Subsequent cross-validation analysis, using a randomly selected 40% sub-sample, revealed that 67.8-70.7% of subjects were assigned to the correct Category. These results appear to confirm the concurrent validity of the SEBC scale in terms of self-report of exercise behaviour. Furthermore, the utility of the SEBC scale was demonstrated via the ability to predict membership of specific Categories of Exercise Behaviour Change using a selection of behavioural and psychological parameters.
How applicable is the stages of change model to exercise behaviour?
(Sage Publications, 1996) Buxton, Kim; Wyse, Jon; Mercer, Tom
The utility of isokinetic dynamometry in the assessment of human muscle function
(Adis Online, 1996-01) Gleeson, Nigel; Mercer, Tom
Isokinetic dynamometry has become a favoured method for the assessment of dynamic muscle function in both clinical research and sports environments. Several indices, such as peak torque, are used in the literature to characterise individual, group or larger population performance via these sophisticated data acquisition systems. Research suggests that there are several competing demands on the design of the measurement protocol which may affect the measurement of isokinetic strength and subsequent suitability of data for meaningful evaluation and interpretation. There is a need to increase measurement rigour, reliability and sensitivity to a level which is commensurate with the intended application, via more elaborate multiple-trial protocols. However, this may be confounded by logistical and financial constraints or reduced individual compliance. The net effect of the interaction of such demands may be considered to be the utility of the isokinetic dynamometry protocol. Of the factors which impinge on utility, those which relate to reliability afford the most control by the test administrator. Research data suggest that in many measurement applications, the reliability and sensitivity associated with all frequently-used indices of isokinetic leg strength which are estimated via single-trial protocols, are not sufficient to differentiate either performance change within the same individual or between individuals within a homogeneous group. While such limitation may be addressed by the use of protocols based on 3 to 4 inter-day trials for the index of peak torque, other indices which demonstrate reduced reliability, for example the composite index of the ratio of knee flexion to extension peak torque, may require many more replicates to achieve the same level of sensitivity. Here, the measurement utility of the index may not be sufficient to justify its proper deployment.
Fitness profiles of professional soccer players before and after pre-season training.
(Chapman and Hall, 1997) Mercer, Tom; Gleeson, Nigel; Mitchell, J.; Bangsbo, J.; Hughes, M.; Reilly, T.
Effect of a fatigue task on absolute and relativised indices of isokinetic leg strength in female collegiate soccer players.
(Chapman and Hall, 1997) Gleeson, Nigel; Mercer, Tom; Campbell, I.; Bangsbo, J.; Hughes, M.; Reilly, T.
Influence of acute endurance activity on leg neuromuscular and musculoskeletal performance
(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1998-04) Gleeson, Nigel; Reilly, T.; Mercer, Tom; Rakowski, S.; Rees, D.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance activities designed to simulate the physiological demands of soccer match-play and training, on leg strength, electromechanical delay, and knee laxity. Methods: Eight recreational soccer players completed four exercise trials in random order: 1) a prolonged intermittent high intensity shuttle run (PHISR) which required subjects to complete a total distance of 9600 m in a form simulating the pattern of physical activity in soccer match-play (activity mode; rest-to-work intervals; approximately 90 min duration), 2) a shuttle-run (SR),(3) a treadmill run (TR) which required subjects to complete an equivalent distance at a running speed corresponding to 70% VO2max, and 4) a control condition consisting of no exercise. Results: Results from repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant condition (PHISR; SR; TR; control) by time (pre; mid; post) interactions for peak torque (PT: knee extension and flexion; 1.05 rads-1), EMD and anterior tibio-femoral displacement (TFD) (P < 0.05). Impairment to indices of knee joint performance was observed in PHISR, SR, and TR trials. The greatest decrement occurred in PHISR and SR trials (up to 44%). Knee extensor and flexor strength performance near to full knee extension (0.44 rad knee flexion) was not changed following the functionally-relevant endurance activities. Conclusions: Even though strength performance near to full knee extension was preserved following acute endurance activities, the risk of ligamentous injury may be increased by concomitant impairment to EMD and anterior TFD.